ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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ILLINOIS 
STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

F.  W.  DeWOLF,  Director 


BULLETIN   NO.  17 


Portland-Cement  Resources 
of  Illinois 


BY 


A.  V.  Bleininger, 

E.  F.  Lines, 

F.  E.  Layman 


Urbana 

University  of  Illinois 

1912 


Illinois  State  Journal  Co.,  State  Printers 
Springfield,  III. 


557 
ICGb 
no. I? 
c.fc 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  COMMISSION. 


Governor  Charles  S.  Deneen,  Chairman. 
Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  V ice-Chairman. 
President  Edmund  J.  James,  Secretary. 


Frank  W.  DeWole,  Director. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

List  of  illustrations .• . .  9 

Letter  of  transmittal 11 

Chapter  I.    Illinois  Portland-cement  industry;  by  A.  V.  Bleininger 13 

Chapter  II.    The  raw  materials  for  Portland  cement;  by  A.  V.  Bleininger 15 

Definition  of  Portland  cement ■ 15 

Clay  materials 15 

'  Definition 15 

Origin  and  constituents 16 

Clay  substance 17 

Silica 18 

Feldspar 20 

Iron  oxide 20 

Mica  and  other  iron-bearing  minerals. . . 21 

Further  accessory  constituents  of  clay 21 

Important  physical  qualities 22 

Classification , 23 

Fire  clays 23 

Shales 24 

Plastic  clays : 24 

Weathered  shales 24 

Alluvial  clays 25 

Glacial  clays 25 

Loess,  sandstone,  and  sand  for  mixture  with  clay 25 

Limestone  materials 26 

Character  and  working  behavior 26 

Classification. 28 

Fxamination  of  cement  materials : 29 

Field  investigation 29 

Clay  analysis 30 

Limestone  analysis 32 

Physical  tests 33 

Effect  of  heat  upon  the  cement  mixture 35 

Setting  and  hardening  of  cement 36 

Chapter  III.    Manufacture  of  Portland  cement;  by  A.  V.  Bleininger 37 

Composition  of  the  mixture 37 

Winning  the  raw  materials 41 

Grinding  the  raw  materials 41 

Introduction 41 

Coarse  grinding  machines 42 

Intermediate  grinding  machines 43 

Ball  mill 43 

Disintegrator 43 

Kent  mill 44 

Rolls 44 

Dry-pan 44 

Fine  grinding  machines 45 

Tube  mill 45 

Centrifugal  grinder 46 

Burning  the  mixture 50 

Clinker  grinding 53 

Testing  cement 55 

Power  requirements  and  manufacturing  costs / 57 


Contents — Continued. 

Page  • 

Chapter  IV.    Stratigraphy  of  Illinois  with  reference  to  Portland-cement  materials;  by  Edwin  F. 

Lines 59 

Introduction '. 59 

The  geological  column 59 

Ordovician  system 60 

Lower  Magnesian  limestone 60 

St.  Peter  sandstone 62 

" Trenton-Galena"  limestone 62 

Richmond  formation • 63 

Silurian  system 64 

Girardeau  and  Edgewood  formations 64 

Clinton  and  Niagaran  limestones 64 

Devonian  system 65 

Helderberg  formation 65 

Oriskany  formation 66 

Onondaga  formation 66 

Hamilton  formation 66 

Ohio  shale 66 

Mississippian  system 66 

Kinderhook  formation 67 

Burlington  limestone b7 

Keokuk  formation 68 

Warsaw  limestone  and  shale 68 

Salem  limestone 69 

St.  Louis  limestone 70 

Ste.  Genevieve  limestone 71 

Cypress  sandstone 72 

Birdsville— Tribune  formations  ("Chester") 72 

Pennsylvania  system 73 

Pottsville  formation 73 

Carbondale  formation 74 

McLeansboro  formation 74 

Cretaceous  system 75 

Tertiary  system 75 

Quarternary  system 75 

Summary 75 

Chapter  V.    Description  of  localities  from  which  limestone  samples  were  collected 77 

Introduction , 77 

Adams  county 77 

Alexander 77 

Brown '. ■. 78 

Bureau -     80 

Clark 80 

Coles 81 

Edgar 81 

Hancock 82 

Hardin 83 

Henderson 83 

Jackson 83 

.lohnson 84 

LaSalle 84 

Lee . 87 

Logan 87 

Marshall : 88 

Montgomery 88 

Ogle 88 

Peoria 89 

Pope 90 

Pulaski 91 

Randolph 91 

Rock  Island 92 

Schu  yler , 93 

St.  Clair , 94 


Contents — Concluded. 

Page. 

Chapter  V—  Concluded. 

Stark : 95 

Stephenson 95 

Union 95 

Tables  of  limestone  analyses '. 97 

Chapter  VI.    Clay  material  for  Portland-cement  manufacture  in  Illinois;  by  A.  V.  Bleininger 101 

General  statement 101 

Table  of  chemical  analyses  of  clays 104 

Table  of  mechanical  analyses  of  clays ' .' 105 

Chapter  VII.     Description  of  clay  deposits  sampled 106 

Introduction 106 

Adams  county , 107 

Brown 107 

Bureau 108 

Clark 108 

Edgar '. 109 

Hancock : : 109 

Jackson 109 

LaSalle 110 

Montgomery 110 

Peoria 110 

Pope Ill 

Randolph Ill 

Rock  Island 112 

Schuyler '. 112 

Stark , 113 

Union '. 113 

Wabash 113 

List  of  publications 114 

Index ' :  116 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plates. 

Page. 

I.  Production  of  Portland  and  natural  cement,  1890-1910 14 

II.  Phase  diagram  showing  melting  point  of  lime-silica  compounds 18 

III.  Phase  diagram  showing  melting  point  of  lime-alumina  compounds 20 

IV.  Schulz  elutriating  apparatus 34 

V.  Detlocculation  of  clays  in  water 36 

VI.  Gates  rock  crusher 40 

VII.  Rotary  dryer 42 

VIII.  Ball  mill  installation 44 

IX.  Kent  mill,  Maxecon  type 44 

X.  Tube  mill  installation 46 

XI.  Griffin  mill 46 

XII.  Fuller-Lehigh  mill , 48 

XIII.  Raymond  mill 48 

XIV.  Raymond  mill  with  air  separators 50 

XV.  Rotary  kiln  installation 52 

XVI.  Newaygo  screen 54 

XVII.  Diagram  showing  sequence  of  operations  in  Portland  cement  manufacture 56 

XVIII.  Limestone  Hill,  west  of  Golconda 91 

XIX.  Method  of  digging  prospect  pit  for  shale  sample 106 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


State;  Geological  Survey, 
University  of  Illinois,  Feb.  1,  1912. 
Governor  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman,  and  Members  of  the  Geological  Com- 
■  mission: 

Gentlemen — I  submit  herewith  a  report  on  Portland-cement  re- 
sources of  Illinois.,  and  recommend  that  it  be  published  as  Bulletin 
No.    17. 

This  represents  a  special  effort  to  determine  the  location  of  materials 
of  suitable  character  for  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement.  It  is 
essentially  preliminary,  but  serves  to  bring  together  the  analyses  of 
many  samples  which  have  been  collected  since  the  Survey's  organization. 
The  field  work  on  limestones  was  done  by  various  members  of  the  staff, 
at  various  times,  but  the  investigation  on  shale  and  clay  was  mostly 
carried  on  by  Mr.  F.  E.  Layman  during  the  season  of  1908. 

The  chapters  on  cement  materials  and  technology  were  prepared  by 
Professor  A.  Y.  Bleininger,  now  head  of  the  Department  of  Ceramics 
at  the  University,  and  a  recognized  authority  on  cement  manufacture. 
The  chapters  on  geological  relations  and  on  the  occurrence  of  limestone 
were  compiled  by  Mr.  E.  F.  Lines,  formerly  of  the  Survey  staff.  The 
work  has  been  handicapped  by  changes  in  personnel  during  the  time  of 
its  execution,  but  the  report  will  doubtless  serve  a  very  useful  purpose 
in  view  of  the  growing  use  of  Portland  cement  and  the  many  inquiries 
on  the  subject  by  land  owners  and  investors. 

Very  respectfully, 

Frank  W.  DeWole, 

*    Director. 


CHAPTER  I 


ILLINOIS  PORTLAND-CEMENT 
INDUSTRY. 

(By  A.  V.  Bleininger.) 


The  development  of  the  Portland-cement  industry  in  Illinois  has 
closely  resembled  its  growth  throughout  the  country.  The  production 
in  the  United  States  has  shown  an  extraordinarily  rapid  growth  during 
the  last  fifteen  years.  This  was  to  be  expected,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  industry  prior  to  1890  produced  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  Port- 
land cement  used/  The  cutting  down  of  the  importation  of  cement  and 
to  a  far  greater  extent  the  increase  in  population  and  the  multiplication 
of  the  uses  of  concrete  have  brought  about  an  enormous  demand  for 
Portland  cement,  which  has  been  met  promptly  by  the  industry.  The 
rate  of  increase  in  the  production  is  bound  to  be  lowered  within  the 
next  few  years  since,  demand  and  supply  are  not  far  from  being  balanced 
at  the  present  time.  The  whole  question  will  reduce  itself  to  the  elimin- 
ation of  plants  poorly  located,  or  inefficiently  designed  or  operated,  and 
new  plants  can  hope  to  succeed  only  if  possessed  of  a  very  favorable 
natural  location  commanding  large  deposits  of  easily  quarried  and 
worked  raw  materials,  cheap  fuel,  and  satisfactory  markets.  If,  how- 
ever, a  company  erects  a  wel.1  designed  mill  under  such  conditions,  its 
investment  is  practically  certain  to  be  a  safe  one. 

The  selling  price  of  Portland  cement  is  decreasing  rapidly.  But 
recently  the  writer  has  seen  quotations  as  low  as  75  cents  per  barrel  at 
the  mill. 

The  following  tabulation  gives  the  production  in  barrels  and  the 
valuation,  both  for  Illinois  and  for  the  United  States,  as  published 
by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  (PI.  I.)  : 

Production  of  Portland  cement,  1900-1910. 


Illinois. 

United  States. 

Barrels.             Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

1900 

240,442 
528,925 
767,781 
1,257,500 
1,326,794 
1,545,500 
1,858,403 
2,036,093 
3,211,168 
4,241,392 
4,459,450 

%    300,552 
581,818 
977,541 
1,914,500 
1,449,114 
1,741,150 
2,461,494 
2,632,576 
2,707,044 
3,388,667 
4,119,012 

8,482,020 
12,711,225 
17,230,644 
22,342,973 
26,505,881 
35,246,812 
46,463,424 
48,785,390 
51,072,612 
64,991,431 
76,549,951 

$  9,280,525 
12,532,360 
20,864,078 
27,713,319 
23,355,119 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

'33,245,867 
52,466,186 
53,992,551 
43,547,679 
52,858,354 
68,205,800 

1906..' 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

14 


ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES. 


[BULL.  NO,  17 


With  reference  to  the  average  price  at  the  mill,  excluding  cost  of 
package  but  including  cost  of  packing,  the  following  table  is  quoted 
from  the  1910  report  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey: 

Average  price  per  barrel  of  Portland}  cement. 


1898 

$1.62 
1.43 
1.09 
0.99 
1.21 
1.24 
0.88 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

$0 .94 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1.13 
1.11 
0.85 

1902 

1909 

0.813 

1903 

1910 

0.891 

1904 

The  Illinois  Portland-cement  plants  are  arranged  alphabetically  as 
follows :  The  Chicago  Portland  Cement  Co.,  and  the  German  American 
Portland  Cement  Co.  near  LaSalle;  the  Marquette  Portland  Cement 
Co.  at  Oglesby;  the  Sandusky  Portland  Cement  Co.  at  Dixon;  and 
the  Universal  Portland  Cement  Co.  at  South  Chicago.  All  use  limestone 
and  clay  with  the  dry  process,  with  the  exception  of  the  last-named 
company,  which  uses  granulated  blast-furnace  slag,  together  with  lime- 
stone as  raw  materials. 

With  the  increasing  population  of  the  middle  West,  the  demand  for 
Portland  cement  is  bound  to  grow;  and  the  possibilities  are  excellent  for 
the  further  development  of  this  industry  in  the  State.  With  cheap 
coal,  limestone  and  clay  deposits  in  sufficient  quantities,  and  good  trans- 
portation facilities,  there  is  no  reason  why  there  should  not  be  more 
cement  mills  in  western  and  southern  Illinois.  It  is  important  to  keep 
in  mind,  however,  that  the  cement  industry  has  reached  a  stage  where 
large  profits  are  out  of  the  question;  and  that  dividends  depend  princ- 
ipally upon  favorable  location  and  close  economy  in  factory  operation. 


ILLINOIS    STATE    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


BULL,    NO.    17,    PLATE    I. 


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Production  of  Portland  and  natural  cement  in  the  United  States,  1890-1910. 


■  BLEININGER]  RAW    MATERIALS.  15 


CHAPTER  II— THE  RAW  MATERIALS  FOR  PORT- 
LAND CEMENT. 

(By  A.  V.  Bleininger.) 


DEFINITION  OF  PORTLAND  CEMENT. 

Portland  cement  is  a  granular  powder,  which  when  mixed  with 
water,  forms  a  coherent  mass.  This  hardens  in  air,  as  well  as  in  water, 
and  shows  great  cementing  power.  It  is  the  strongest  hydraulic  cement- 
ing substance  known ;  and  as  commonly  mixed  with  sand  and  rock  aggre- 
gate it  forms  concrete.  Portland  cement  is  an  artificial  product  formed 
by  grinding  together  intimately  clay  and  lime-bearing  materials  so  that 
the  resultant  mixture  has  a  well-defined  chemical  composition.  The 
ground  mixture  is  then  calcined  to  vitrification  and  again  reduced  to  a 
specified  degree  of  fineness.  It  matters  little  what  materials  make  up 
this  mixture,  provided  that  the  chemical  composition  comes  within  the 
prescribed  limits,  and  that  the  grinding  is  fine  enough  to  blend  the  raw 
materials  intimately.  On  the  other  hand,  failure  to  comply  with  these 
two  conditions  results  in  a  low-grade  product.  It  is  frequently  difficult 
to  gain  the  desired  reaction  on  a  commercial  basis  at  the  temperature 
available  in  industrial  kilns. 

The  required  clay  bases  are  introduced  in  the  form  of  various  classes 
of  clays,  blast-furnace  slags,  and  even  volcanic  ash,  tufa,  and  similar 
materials.  The  lime  is  introduced  as  limestone,  chalk,  calcareous  marl, 
fossil  lime,  and  as  the  by-products  of  industrial  chemical  processes — 
like  the  Solvay  wastes. 


CLAY  MATERIALS. 

Since  the  aluminum  silicates  of  clay,  or  of  allied  mineral  aggregates, 
form  the  fundamental  part  of  Portland  cement,  a  brief  consideration  of 
the  mineralogical  structure  of  clay  is  necessary  for  the  understanding 
of  the  chemical  processes  connected  with  the  production  of  hydraulic 
silicates. 

Definition  of  Clay. 

Clay  may  be  defined  as  a  complex  derivative  rock,  generally  of  a  soft 
and  earthy  nature,  in  which  a  mass  of  mineral  debris  of  variable  com- 
position and  amount  is  bonded  and  held  together  by  a  matrix  of  kaolin, 


16  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

or  allied  hydrous  silicates  of  alumina.  The  distinguishing  character- 
istics of  clays  as  a  class  are,  first,  plasticity  when  ground  and  mixed  with 
sufficient  amount  of  water ;  and  second,  the  property  of  hardening  by 
heat  to  form  strong  and  durable  silicates.  This  definition  is  not  exact, 
for  there  are  minor  exceptions  to  each  rule.  For  the  purpose  of  the 
cement  manufacturer  the  hardening  of  clay  upon  heating  is  of  no  pract- 
ical importance. 

Origin  and  Constituents  or  Clay. 

All  clays  are  the  product  of  decomposition  of  the  older  igneous  rocks 
of  which  the  granites  are  most  representative.  These  rocks  may  contain 
quartz,  feldspar,  mica,  hornblende,  augite,  magnetite,  and  various  other 
minerals.  When  subjected  to  the  destructive  agencies  of  weathering 
for  long  periods  decomposition  of  the  granite  takes  place,  and  it  is 
evident  that  the  mineral  offering  least  resistance  is  attacked  first.  This 
is  usually  feldspar;  which  succumbs  first  so  that,  gradually,  its  chemical 
structure  is  completely  changed.  The  typical  feldspar — orthoclase — 
possesses  the  chemical  formula  K20.  A1203.  6  Si02,  and  the  'following 
composition : 

Composition  of  orthoclase  feldspar. 

Silica  (SiO,) 64.68 

Alumina   (ALA) 18.43 

Potash    (K20)     16.89 

It  is  metamorphosed  into  a  mineral  type  having  the  formula  A1203. 
2  Si02.    2  H20,  and  the  following  composition : 

Composition  of  clay  substance. 

Silica   (Si02) 46.3 

Alumina  (A1203)    39.8 

Combined  water 13.9 

This  mineral  is  called  kaolin  and  represents  the  purest  grade  of  clay. 
It  may,  therefore,  serve  to  illustrate  the  chemical  structure  and  be- 
havior of  the  fundamental  part  of  all  clays — the  clay  substance.  Before 
considering  this  subject,  however,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
kaolin  produced  by  the  breaking  down  of  the  granite  is  not  separated 
sharply  from  the  other  constituents  of  the  rock,  but  that  some  unde- 
composed  particles  of  quartz,  feldspar,  mica,  and  other  minerals  remain 
in  all  grades  of  subdivision  with  the  newly  formed  clay.  The  pure  clay, 
or  kaolin,  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  chemically  combined  water, 
which  together  form  a  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina.  This  compound 
varies  as  regards  plasticity  according  to  whether  it  is  crystalline  or 
amorphous,  and  highly  or  weakly  colloidal.  Kaolin  may  be  present  in 
the  form  of  regular  crystals,  in  which  case  it  shows  but  a  low  degree  of 
plasticity,  or  it  may  exist  as  a  jelly-like  mass  resembling  gelatine, 
aluminum  hydroxide,  ferric  hydroxide,  etc.  The  more  this  colloidal 
character  is  exhibited,  the  more  plastic  is  the  kaolin,  This  physical  con- 
dition has  nothing  to  do  with  the  chemical  composition  which  in  either 
case  may  correspond  to  the  ideal  formula. 


BLEININGER]  EAW    MATERIALS.  1? 


CLAY   SUBSTANCE. 

The  clay  substance  consisting  of  the  complex  molecule  A1203.  2  SiQ2. 
2  H20,  may  be  decomposed  under  the  action  of  strong  reagents  into 
alumina  and  silica.  Thus,  hot  sulphuric  acid  dissociates  pure  kaolin 
completely,  leaving  hydrous  silicic  acid,  partly  in  solution  and  partly  pre- 
cipitated, and  bringing  the  alumina  into  solution  as  aluminum  sulphate. 
Again,  while  kaolin  is  not  readily  soluble  in  weaker  acids,  dehydrated 
it  is  dissolved  readily  in  hydrochloric  acid.  At  this  stage,  therefore,  clay 
appears  to  be  peculiarly  sensitive  to  chemical  agencies,  but  this  condi- 
tion disappears  upon  heating  the  kaolin  to  higher  temperatures.  This 
is  also  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  if  a  thoroughly  amorphous  clay,  like 
the  so-called  flint  clay,  is  dehydrated  and  mixed  intimately  with  slaked 
lime,  it  combines  with  the  latter  to  form  a  fairly  hard  cement.  If  a 
higher  temperature  is  obtained,  this  action  is  not  observed. 

By  means  of  other  reagents  clay  substance  is  decomposed  similarly. 
Thus,  if  heated  to  a  white  heat  with  an  excess  of  lime,  as  the  oxide  or 
carbonate,  the  kaolin  is  broken  up;  the  silica  of  the  clay  forming  a 
calcium  silieate  and  the  alumina  an  aluminate.  On  .treating  it  with  a 
very  weak  acid,  like  acetic  or  citric  acid,  and  then  digesting  it  with  a 
weak  caustic  soda  solution,  no  residue  whatever  is  left.  It  is  possible, 
therefore,  by  heating  with  lime,  to  convert  the  clay  substance  into  com- 
pounds which  are  soluble  even  in  dilute  acids,  although  the  kaolin  itself 
is  practically  insoluble  in  these  reagents.  The  alkaline  earths  like 
lime,  barium,  and  strontium,  under  the  influence  of  heat  combine  eagerly 
with  the  silica  of  the  kaolin,  while  at  the  same  time  the  alumina 
changes  its  role  from  that  of  a  base  to  that  of  an  acid. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  therefore,  that  probably  from  no  other 
substance  can  silicate  of  lime  be  formed  so  readily  as  from  clay  sub- 
stance. .  As  to  the  lime  compounds  possible  of  production  from  pure 
clay,  recent  researches  have  shown  that  the  conditions  are  quite  complex 
and  that  relatively  small  changes  in  the  quantity  of  lime  present  will 
bring  about  marked  differences  in  the  character  of  the  chemical  combi- 
nations. E.  S.  Shepherd  and  G.  A.  Rankin1  suggest  five  possible  groups 
of  compounds : 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

CaO 

3  CaO.SiO, 

2  CaO.SiOo 

2  CaO.SiOo 

2  CaO.SiO. 

3  CaO.Si02 

2  CaO.SiOo 

3  CaO.ALOs 

5  Ca0.3AL03 

2  CaO.ALO3.SiO, 

3  CaO.Al,63 

3  CaO.SiO, 

5  CaO. 3 ALA 

CaO.ALA 

CaO.ALOs 

Groups  III  and  IV  are  thought  to  represent  average  conditions.  The 
existence  of  tricalcium  silicate,  which  by  many  earlier  investigators  was 
considered  to  be  the  main  cement  forming  constituent  was  finally  con- 
firmed by  Sheperd  and  Rankin.  It  was  proven,  however,  that  the  com- 
pound 3  CaO.Si02  is  unstable  at  its  melting  temperature.  This  sub- 
stance seems  "to  form  by  reaction  between  the  solid  components  but  to 
decompose  before  the  melting  temperature  is  reached,"  according  to  the 
reaction : 
_■/ _  3  CaO.Si02=2  CaO.Si02+CaO. 

1  Preliminary  report  on  the  ternary  system  CaO-Al203-Si02.    A  study  of  the  composition  of  Port- 
land cement  clinker.    Jour.  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry,  3,  page  211, 

—2  G 


18  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

Two  of  the  compounds  show  polymorphous  transformation.  Thus, 
CaO.SiO-2  exists  in  two  and  2  CaO.Si02  in  four  forms.  Of  the  alum- 
inates,  three,  3  CaO.5  A1203,  5  CaO.3  A1203,  and  3  CaO.Al203  possess 
one  unstable  modification.  The  melting  points  of  the  lime-silica  com- 
pounds are  shown  in  the  phase  diagram  of  Plate  II,  and  those  of  the 
lime-alumina  series  are  indicated  in  Plate  III. 

A  nuniber  of  investigators  have  produced  lime  silicates  from  kaolin 
by  intimately  blending  and  heating  it  to  vitrification.  When  made  up 
with  water  the  mass  proved  to  possess  strong  hydraulic  properties,  i.  e., 
it  gave  a  cement  which  hardened  in  water,  and  showed  considerable 
strength.  By  heating  kaolin  to  a  moderate  temperature,  considerably 
below  that  required  for  vitrification,  a  commercial  cement  of  the  Eoman- 
cement  type  has  been  manufactured  in  Switzerland  and  other  countries 
for  the  last  ten  years  or  longer.  Owing  to  its  white  color,  this  kaolin 
cement  has  found  a  market  for  decorative  purposes. 

It  might  seem  then  that  in  order  to  produce  a  lime  silicate  which 
is  the  main  constituent  of  Portland  cement,  it  is  necessary  only  to 
select  a  pure  clay,  thus  insuring  a  smooth  reaction.  But  there  are 
several  drawbacks,  to  this  proposal.  The  most'  important  objection 
is  that  the  vitrified  cement  obtained  in  this  manner,  though  possessing 
good  initial  strength,  has  the  unfortunate  property  of  increasing  in 
volume  as  the  hydration,  or  setting,  of  the  cement  proceeds.  One  must 
distinguish  clearly  in  this  respect  between  the  soft  Roman  cements  ob- 
tained by  burning  at  low  temperature,  around  1,000°  C,  and  the  vitri- 
fied Portland  cements.  Change  in  volume  after  the  cement  has  hardened 
would  be  extremely  unfortunate  and,  in  fact,  would  prohibit  its  practical 
use.  Another  drawback  is  that  pure  clay  substance  itself  has  a  high  vitri- 
fying or  fusing  temperature.  Its  melting  point  corresponds  to  about 
1,750°  C.  Likewise,  the  resulting  silicate  of  lime  melts  at  a  compara- 
tively high  temperature  which  is  difficult  to  attain  in  commercial  kiln?. 
It  seems  obvious  then  that  the  Portland  cement  industry  as  a  whole  can- 
not deal  with  the  pure  clays,  but  must  resort  to  the  use  of  material 
diluted  with  other  minerals,  and  especially  such  as  tend  to  lower  the 
vitrification  temperature  of  the  final  mixture. 

SILICA  IN   CLAY. 

The  simplest  test  of  a  clay  consists  in  stirring  a  small  amount  of  it 
in  a  glass  of  water,  allowing  it  to  settle  a  short  time,  pouring  off  most 
of  the  liquid,  and  continuing  this  procedure  until  the  water  is  practically 
clear.  This  reveals  in  the  bottom  of  the  receptacle  a  layer  of  variously 
colored  mineral  debris  of  coarse  and  fine  grains.  Prominent  among 
these  may  be  seen  clear,  colorless  crystals  of  considerable  hardness  which 
are  recognized  as  sand  or  quartz  grains.  These  constitute  a  part  of 
practically  every  clay,  varying  from  small  amounts  to  the  extreme  of 
clay-carrying  sands.  Quartz,  or  free  silica,  is  a  hard  substance  which 
even  when  very  fine  grained  shows  no  plasticity.  Chemically  it  reacts 
at  ordinary  temperatures  with  strong  bases  like  caustic  potash  or  soda, 


ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 


BULL.    NO.    17,    PLATE    II. 


o:2CAO-5iO,*3CAO-SiO, 


E       ' 

M. 

N    ~ JL  "  M" 

\ 
|3CA0-i.0?*CA0 


CRI5TOBALlTE*arCAO-Si02 
H  H' 


1000' 


CRISTOBALITE*^CA05iOz 


>S0UARTZ  +  /?CAO-5iO2 


cr0UARTZ+/3CAO-SiO2 


|*CA0-Si0 
i  H" 


j82CA0:Si0j 
WaO  Si02 

I 


ly2CA( 


I^CaO-5,0 


3CaO-Sj02 


Si0? 


CaO-SJ02       2CaO-S.02 


^2CAO-Si02 
3CA05i02 


500*  C. 


oo 


3Ca0SI02 
Phase    diagram   showing   melting  points   cf   lime-silica    compounds 


BLEININGER]  RAW    MATERIALS.  19 

by  which  it  is  gradually  but  slowly  dissolved ;  this  reaction  being  acceler- 
ated by  using  boiling  solutions.  Only  one  acid  attacks  it,  namely,  hydro- 
fluoric acid,  resulting  in  the  vaporization  of  silicon  fluoride  gas. 

Slaked  lime  attacks  fine-grained  quartz  at  ordinary  temperatures  form- 
ing a  silicate  of  lime,  but  this  process  is  exceedingly  slow.  At  a  some- 
what elevated  temperature,  above  the  boiling  point  of  water,  slaked  lime 
combines  with  silica  far  more  actively,  and  this  reaction  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  sand-lime  brick. 

Quartz,  when  heated  alone  to  temperatures  exceeding  800°  C,  under- 
goes a  marked  increase  in  volume  which  is  ascribed  to  its  transformation 
into  tridymite — another  form  of  crystallization.  This  change  is  re- 
versible, though  in  practice  the  reversibility  only  applies  in  part,  so 
that  as  a  rule  quartz  is  found  to  have  increased  in  volume  on  heating. 
The  change  from  quartz  to  tridymite  corresponds  to  a  volume  increase. 

When  quartz  is  heated  in  contact  with  lime,  either  as  quicklime  or  as 
the  carbonate,  to  temperatures  exceeding  1,000°  C,  a  chemical  reaction 
sets  in  and  results  in  the  formation  of  lime  silicates  which  are  not 
necessarily  hydraulic.  This  reaction  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  when 
finely  ground  quartz  mixed  with  an  excess  of  calcium  oxide  (quicklime) 
is  heated  to  these  temperatures,  the  resulting  mixture,  if  treated  with 
strong,  hot  hydrochloric  acid  followed  by  hot  sodium  carbonate  solution, 
dissolves  more  or  less  completely.  In  other  words,  while  finely  ground 
quartz  itself  is  not  soluble  in  these  reagents  it  has  been  rendered  so  by 
reaction  with  the  lime.  This  change  is  also  indicated  by  the  formation 
of  gelatinous  silicic  acid  which  is  observed  during  the  test.  This  example 
illustrates  what  is  meant  by  chemists  when  they  speak  of  "unlocking"  a 
silicate  or  quartz,  namely,  the  conversion  of  the  substance  insoluble  in 
acids  into  a  form  in  which  it  is  decomposed  and  dissolved  by  acid  treat- 
ment. A  pure  clay  on  being  burned  with  an  excess  of  lime  thus  becomes 
completely  soluble.  In  the  case  of  quartz  this  reaction  only  follows  when 
it  is  very  fine  grained — passing,  say,  the  200-mesh  sieve— and  when  there 
is  sufficient  excess  of  lime,  and  provided  the  temperature  has  been  raised 
sufficiently  high — say,  1,200°  C,  or  more.    . 

By  heating  an  intimate  mixture  of  extremely  fine  silica  and  lime,  it  is 
possible  to  produce  the  various  silicates  indicated  by  the  phase  diagram 
of  Plate  II.  The  metaealcium  silicate  has  a  melting  point  of  1,512°  C, 
the  orthocalcium  silicate  of  2,080 °.1 

An  interesting  phenomenon  is  observed  on  cooling  the  beta  form  of 
the  ortho-silicate  to  the  alpha  modification.  This  inversion  is  accom- 
panied by  a  decided  volume  increase  and  results  in  the  breaking  down 
of  the  mass  to  a  powder.  In  cement  practice  this  phenomenon,  is  fre- 
quently observed  and  is  called  "dusting." 

In  discussing  the  function  of  quartz  in  cement  mixtures  it  must  be 
remembered  constantly  that  only  the  finest  particles  become  available 
for  chemical  combination,  and  laboratory  tests  have  shown  that  the  limit- 
ing diameter  is  probably  in  the  neighborhood  of  0.0003  inch.  In  other 
words,  particles  larger  than  this  size  are  too  coarse  to  unite  chemically 
with  lime.     The  practical  importance  of  this  fact  in  attempting  to  use 


Day  and  Sheperd,  The  lime-silica  series  of  minerals:    Jour.  Am.  Chem.  Soc,  28,  p.  p.  1089-1115 


20  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT  RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

clays  containing  coarse  quartz  is  realized  more  fully  if  one  assumes,  for 
the  sake  of  illustration,  that  a  clay  contains  quartz  which  just  passes 
the  80-mesh  sieve,  and  which  represents  particles  averaging  0.007  inch. 
On  the  further  assumption  that  these  particles  are  cubes  it  appears  that 
each  grain  of  the  80-mesh  size  must  be  reduced  to,  at  least,  12  particles 
of  equal  size  before  it  becomes  useful  for  chemical  combination.  This 
difficulty  becomes  immensely  greater  on  consideration  of  coarser  grains, 
such  as  are  found  in  even  fine  sands.  Some  conception  may  be  gained 
from  this  illustration  of  the  power  required  and  of  the  cost  of  this 
grinding  process. 

FELDSPAR  IN  CLAY. 

The  alkali-alumina  silicate,  feldspar,  occurs  in  two  principal  modifi- 
cations, the  monoclinic  and  the  triclinic.  The  best  known  representative 
of  the  first  group  is  orthoclase  of  the  percentage  composition  16.89 
potash,  18.43  alumina,  and  64.68  silica.  The  triclinic  group  is  repre- 
sented by  isomorphous  mixtures  of  albite  and  anorthite,  which  are  of 
the  compositions,  respectively,  11.82  soda,  19.56  alumina,  68.62  silica; 
and  20.10  lime,  36.82  alumina,  and  43.08  silica. 

Andesine,  labradorite,  and  oligoclase  are  mixtures  of  these  two  minerals. 
Owing  to  the  high  content  of  fluxes  the  feldspars  are  quite  fusible  and 
their  silica,  being  in  the  combined  state,  is  readily  available  for  chemical 
union  with  the  lime  of  cement  mixtures.  Their  presence  in  clays,  there- 
fore, is  desirable  up  to  a  certain  limit  at  which  the  alkali  content  thus 
introduced  becomes  too  high. 

IRON  OXIDE  IN   CLAY. 

Two  forms  of  iron  oxide  must  be  distinguished — the  ferric  Fe203, 
and  the  ferrous,  FeO.  Iron  oxide,  especially  in  the  form  of  ferric  oxide, 
is  an  exceedingly  important  constituent  of  cement  clays,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  it  contributes  to  the  vitrification  of  the  clay  at  a  lower  temper- 
ature, and  in  this  way  brings  about  the  chemical  combination  of  the 
•cement  mixture  at  temperatures  attainable  in  the  rotary  kiln  under  com- 
mercial conditions.  In  order  to  be  of  maximum  benefit  in  this  connec- 
tion, the  ferric  oxide  should  be  disseminated  throughout  the  clay  in  the 
colloidal"  condition  and  in  a  state  of  extreme  subdivision. 

The  color  of  this  form  of  oxide  is  invariably  red,  causing  the  clay  to 
appear  yellow  or  reddish. 

The  ferrous  oxide  is  black  and  usually  does  not  occur  in  clay  in  the 
free  state  but  is  nearly  always  combined  with  carbon  dioxide  to  form  the 
carbonate  (Fe  C03),  or  it  may  be  present  as  ferrous  silicate.  The  car- 
bonate when  heated  loses  its  carbon  dioxide  gas  and  becomes  changed 
to  ferrous  oxide.  The  latter  is  an  exceedingly  active  flux  and  combines 
with  silica  with  great  eagerness  to  form  a  black  slag,  ferrous  silicate. 
This  change  is  not  desirable,  however,  in  the  cement  reaction  since  it  is 
liable  to  produce  a  less  hydraulic  silicate,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
ferrous  oxide  itself  takes  the  place  of  part  of  the  lime,  and  thus  lowers 
the  amount  of  silica  available  for  the  cement  silicates.  At  the  same  time 
it  causes  mechanical  difficulties  due  to  slagging.     Ferrous  oxide  differs 


ILLINOIS    STATE   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


BULL.   NO.   17,  PLATE  III. 


1700" 


1600 


1500 


1400 


CaO 


3CaO-Al203  CaO.Al203  a     0 

5CaO-3Al203       3CaO-5Al203 


Phase  diagram  showing  melting-  points  of  lime-alumina  compounds. 


BLEININGBR]  RAW    MATERIALg.  21 

from  the  ferric  in  being  distinctly  basic  and  is  more  active  in  this 
capacity,  since  one  molecule  of  ferric  oxide  (Fe2  03),  is  equivalent  to 
two  molecules  of  ferrous  oxide  (Fe  0).  Ferric  oxide  is  capable  of 
uniting  with  lime  itself  and  has  been  clearly  shown  by  Schott,  Zulkowski; 
and  others  to  form  compounds  analogous  to  aluminates,  which  are  dis- 
tinctly hydraulic.  These  ferrates  do  not  possess  the  high  degree  of  hy- 
draulicity  of  the  aluminates,  and  they  set  much  slower.  However,  as  they 
are  considered  to  be  more  stable,  it  has  recently  been  suggested  that  ferric 
oxide  be  introduced  to  replace  most  of  the  alumina  in  cements  intended 
for  use  in  sea  water  and  for  similar  purposes  where  the  solvent  action 
of  saline  solutions  comes  into  play. 

The  essential  difference  between  ferric  and  ferrous  oxide  is  in  the  fact 
that  the  former  may  exercise  a  dual  function — being  a  base  in  acid  com- 
binations and  in  acid  in  basic  combinations — the  second  conditions  exist- 
ing in  cements.    The  ferrous  oxide  invariably  acts  as  a  base. 

MICA  AND  OTHER  IRON-BEARING  MINERALS  IN   CLAY. 

When  a  clay  is  examined  by  means  of  the  mechanical  analysis — that 
is,  worked  up  thoroughly  with  water  to  form  a  thin  slip  and  passed 
through  a  series  of  sieves — the  screens  nearly  always  retain  mineral 
particles  which  evidently  are  neither  quartz  nor  feldspar,  but  show  either 
distinct  plate-structure  or  dark  to  black  color.  These  minerals  are  readily 
identified  as  mica,  which  is  never  absent,  or  as  augite  or  hornblende. 
Occasionally  black  grains  of  magnetite  are  also  found.  Mica,  a  common, 
well-known  mineral,  is  a  soft  substance  consisting  of  parallel  flakes  which 
are  capable  of  indefinite  subdivision.  In  composition  it  varies  widely 
and  carries  percentages  of  from  3  to  12  of  potash,  0  to  4  soda,  0  to  1.5 
ferrous  oxide,  0.5  to  9  ferric  oxide,  0.5  to  3  magnesia,  28  to  38  alumina, 
43  to  52  silica,  and  from  1  to  6  of  chemical  water.  Although  soft,  it 
resists  the  action  of  weathering  remarkably  well,  and  is  therefore  present 
even  in  clays  which  have  been  subject  to  intense  eroding  action.  Biotite 
or  black  mica  containing  from  10  to  30  of  magnesia  occurs  frequently. 
Augite  and  hornblende  are  likewise  silicates  of  alumina,  lime,  magnesia, 
iron,  and  alkalies  and  are  usually  of  a  darker  color. 

As  to  the  action  of  these  minerals  when  heated  with  lime  it  may  be 
said  that,  provided  the  particles  are  sufficiently  fine,  they  offer  no  diffi- 
culty in  the  formation  of  the  basic  silicates  necessary  for  the  cement 
reaction,  because  their  silica  is  in  the  combined  state.  Probably  mica 
resists  chemical  combination  longest,  since  its  flakes  are  extremely  thin 
and  easily  elude  the  grinding  action  of  pulverizing  machines. 

FURTHER  ACCESSORY   CONSTITUENTS   OF   CLAY. 

Among  the  numerous  substances  which  go  to  make  up  clay  may  be 
mentioned  iron  pyrites  (Fe  S2),  ferrous  carbonate  (Fe  C03),  gypsum 
(Ca  S04.  2  H20),  titanate  of  iron  (Fe2  Ti2  03),  dolomite,  (CaMg)  C03, 
carbonate  of  lime  (Ca  C03),  carbon  in  the  form  of  organic  matter,  bitu- 
men or  graphite,  and  various  other  minerals  and  rock  fragments. 


22  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

For  the  purposes  of  the  cement  manufacturer  none  of  these,  with  the 
exception  of  the  carbonate  of  lime,  serves  a  useful  purpose.  In  fact,  the 
dolomite,  pyrites,  and  gypsum  may  be  considered  injurious.  The  first, 
since  it  introduces  undesirable  magnesia  into  the  cement  mixture;  the 
latter  two,  because  their  sulphur  content  may  likewise  exert  a  deleterious 
influence. 

Important  Physical  Qualities  oe  Clays. 

It  has  been  shown  that  clay  is  a  complex  rock  composed  of  essential 
and  unessential  minerals  with  functions  which  have  been  briefly  indi- 
cated. Besides  the  general  chemical  considerations,  however,  it  is  im- 
portant to  regard  the  physical  make-up  of  clay  with  respect  to  four 
principal  points,  viz.,  fineness  of  grain,  hardness,  density,  and  uniformity 
of  the  deposit. 

Since  the  importance  of  fineness  of  grain  has  been  shown  in  the  pre- 
ceding paragraphs,  it  is  evidently  of  primary  significance  from  the 
commercial  standpoint  to  select  a  clay  which  possesses  a  fine-grained 
structure  and  thus  requires  the  minimum  cost  for  grinding.  It  is  evi- 
dent that  a  soft,  fine-grained  material  is  to  be  preferred  to  a  hard,  rock- 
like clay,  not  only  on  account  of  the  cheapness  of  grinding,  but  also  by 
virtue  of  the  more  intimate  contact  established  between  the  grains  of 
clay  and  the  more  numerous  particles  of  limestone  due  to  the  relatively 
large  area  exposed  by  the  soft  clay  grains. 

The  hardness  of  the  clay  should  not  be  excessive.  However,  with 
modern  grinding  machinery  the  average  shales  are  reduced  without  great 
expense,  and  this  consideration  applies  only  to  excessively  hard  and 
partially  metamorphosed  materials  similar  to  slate.  This  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  most  hard'  clays  are  of  very  fine  grain,  and  it  is  not  the  coarser 
grinding  which  is  expensive,  but  the  last  reduction  to  the  fine,  almost 
microscopic,  particles.  An  illustration  of  what  is  meant  by  this  is 
afforded  by  a  piece  of  hard,  blue  shale.  Though  apparently  quite  difficult 
to  grind,  on  placing  a  piece  of  it  in  hot  water  for  some  time  it  will  be 
found  to  soften  and  finally  to  resolve  into  a  plastic  mass  which  passes 
even  the  finest  sieve.  The  surface  factor,  or  the  superficial  area  of  the 
total  number  of  grains  in  unit  weight  of  clay  should  be  as  great  as 
possible. 

Accordingly,  a  dense  clay  is  not  as  desirable  as  a  lighter,  fine-grained 
clay,  although  this  is,  to  some  extent,  compensated  by  the  greater  weight 
per  unit  volume  of  the  resulting  cement  mixture.  In  other  words,  a 
batch  of  raw  cement  made  with  a  dense  clay  represents  a  greater  weight 
per  cubic  foot  of  kiln  space  than  the  same  volume  of  raw  mixture  pre- 
pared from  a  light,  flocculent  clay.  Since  cement  is  sold  by  weight,  this 
condition  is  a  factor  in  favor  of  the  heavier  clay. 

Uniformity  is  extremely  desirable  in  a  clay  deposit  for  self-evident 
reasons.  A  cement  plant  representing  a  large  outlay  of  capital  is  de- 
pendent upon  the  satisfactory  character  of  its  raw  materials,  and  it  is 
exceedingly  important  that  the  geological  formation  should  assure  a 
reasonable  uniformity. 


BLEININGBR]  KAW    MATERIALS.  23 

Classification  of  Clays. 

For  the  purpose  of  cement  manufacture  the  following  practical  classi- 
fication of  clays  as  regards  the  Illinois  deposits  can  be  made: 


Fire  clays. 


High  grade. 

Low  grade. 

> 

Aluminous. 

Ferruginous. 

Shales ■ {   Siliceous. 

Calcareous. 

Carbonaceous. 

Plastic,  fer-  f  Weathered  shale. 

ruginous,  or  I  Deposited  in  swift-running  water. 

calcareous  |   Alluvial <  Deposited  in  slow-running  water. 

clays. <j                                       (  Deposited  in  still  water. 

Glacial j   Drift-clay,  proper. 

(  Re-deposited  glacial  clay. 

FIRE  CLAYS. 

The  term  "fire  clay"  is  an  indefinite  one  standing  in  general  for  clays 
which. do  not  fuse  excepting  at  high  temperatures.  Though  no  definite 
limit  has  ever  been  set,  it  may  be  said  that  no  clay  can  be  called  a  fire 
clay  of  good  grade  unless  it  withstands  a  temperature  of  approximately 
3,000°  F.,  without  showing  signs  of  softening.  These  clays  may  be  white 
or  yellowish  in  color  when  burned ;  a  reddish-burning  clay  may  be  a  fire 
clay,  but  the  chances  are  against  it.  The  value  of  a  fire  clay  can  be  de- 
termined definitely  only  by  a  refractory  test.  The  high  fire-resisting 
quality  of  a  clay  is  due  to  the  absence  of  fluxes,  and  to  the  fact  that  the 
composition  approaches  more  or  less  closely  to  that  of  the  ideal  clay 
substance  (Al2  03.  2  Si  02.  2-  H20).  A  clay  containing  much  above  46.3 
per  cent  of  silica  cannot,  therefore,  be  a  high-grade  fire  clay. 

For  cement  making  purposes  the  high-grade  fire  clays  do  not  come  into 
practical  consideration.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  these  clays  are  too 
high  in  alumina,,  and  consequently  would  produce  dangerous  quick-setting 
cements.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are  so  low  in  fluxes  like  iron  oxide 
that  the  vitrification  of  the  clinker  would  require  too  high  a  temperature 
for  practical  operating  purposes. 

The  low-grade,  or  No.  2  fire  clays,  associated  with  the  coal  measures, 
differ  from  the  high-grade  materials  in  that  their  composition  shows  a 
considerably  higher  content  of  silica  and  of  fluxes.  This  necessarily 
lowers  their  softening  temperature,  although  they  still  burn  to  a  light 
buff  color.  These  clays  are  liable  to  contain  concretionary  iron  sulphide 
in  considerable  quantities,  which  may  cause  irregular  behavior  in  firing. 

As  a  rule,  these  materials  are  very  fine  grained  and  quite  uniform  in 
composition  within  reasonably  large  areas.  They  are  nearly  always  asso- 
ciated with  coal  beds,  to  which  they  conform  very  regularly.  They  are 
a  possible  source  of  raw  material  for  cement  manufacture,  owing  to  their 
fineness  of  grain,  uniformity,  and  ease  of  reduction,  provided  that  their 
silica  content  is  within  the  limits  found  advisable,  so  that  the  percentage 


24  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

of  silica  divided  by  the  percentage  of  alumina  is  not  less  than  2.5  and 
not  much  more  than  3.5.  However ,  where  other  clays  higher  in  iron 
are  available  and  otherwise  suitable,  the  more  ferruginous  ones  should 
be  preferred;  since  the  No.  2  fire  clays  still  necessitate  a  higher  vitrifi- 
cation temperature  than  is  needed  for  the  red-burning  materials. 

SHALES. 

Shales  differ  from  clays  in  that  they  have  been  subjected  to  pressure 
after  deposition  in  still  water,  and  have  obtained  a  characteristic  cleavage 
and  structure.  If  this  is  carried  further  the  shale  becomes  slate.  Owing 
to  their  origin  in  still  water  shales  are  nearly ,  always  of  extremely  fine 
grain  and  quite  uniform  in .  composition  over  reasonably  large  areas. 
The  term  shale,,  however,  does  not  stand  for  any  given  chemical  composi- 
tion. Shales  may  be  high  or  low  in  fluxes — of  high  or  low  refractoriness. 
Thus,  there  are  shales  so  high  in  alumina  that  they  may  be  considered 
fire  clays,  in  which  case  they  become  unfit  for  cement-making  purposes, 
for  the  same  reason  that  other  fire  clays  are  unsuitable. 

The  ferruginuous  shales,  high  in  ferric  oxide,  are  very  common  and 
are  used  in  the  clay  industry  for  various  purposes,  such  as  the  manu- 
facture of  paving  brick.  There  is  no  reason  why  shale  of  this  character 
could  not  be  used  for  cement  manufacture.  A  well-known  material  of 
this  type  is  the  Galesburg  shale  of  the  following  composition : 

Analysis  of  Galesburg  shale. 

Silica    (Si02) 63.62 

Alumina  (AL03)    16.31 

Ferric  oxide   (Fe203)    6.22 

Ferrous  oxide    (FeO) 2.88 

Titanium   oxide    (Ti02)    0.96 

Lime   (CaO)    • 0.63 

Magnesia  (MgO) 1.44 

Potash    (K,0)     2.60 

Soda    (Na26) 1.5.0 

Loss  on  ignition   6.26 

Moisture ; 0.38 

Similarly,  shales  may  be  high  in  silica,  lime,  or  carbon.  The  last- 
named  are  usually  black  in  color  and  contain  bitumen  which  volatilizes 
readily  and  burns  like  a  rich  gas.  In  shales  of  this  type  the  iron  is 
usually  present  as  ferrous  carbonate  or  ferrous  sulphide. 

For  cement-making  purposes  only  the  shales  too  high  in  silica  are 
seriously  objectionable,  although  the  carbonaceous  shales  may  cause  some 
inconvenience  in  burning,  and  also  difficulty  in  grinding. 

As  a  class,  shales  are  desirable  for  cement  manufacture  provided  their 
chemical  composition  is  within  the  allowable  limits. 

PLASTIC  CLAYS. 

Weathered  shales — As  the  shales  are  weathered  by  atmospheric  agen- 
cies they  gradually  lose  their  characteristic  structure  and  again  become 
clays,  retaining,  of  course,  the  same  chemical  composition  except  that  all 
of  the  iron  and  sulphur  compounds  become  oxidized,     In  other  words, 


BLEININGER]  RAW    MATERIALS.  %5 

all  ferrous  oxide,  as  well  as  the  ferrous  carbonate,  is  changed  to  ferric 
oxide,  and  all  sulphides  become  sulphates.  As  a  result  the  hard  mass  is 
converted  into  a  soft  plastic  clay,  which  if  suitable  in  chemical  com- 
position and  fineness  of  grain  is  rendered  more  valuable  by  this  meta- 
morphism,  since  its  softness  makes  it  easy  and  cheap  to  grind.  In  addi- 
tion, the  uniformity  of  the  composition,  a  property  peculiar  to  shales, 
makes  a  clay  of  this  type  an  exceedingly  valuable  cement  material. 

Alluvial  clays — The  comparatively  fine  rock-matter  deposited  by 
water  is  called  alluvium.  Since  all  bodies  of  water  carry  clay  which  is 
deposited  under  various  conditions,  and  since  the  size  of  the  particles 
allowed  to  settle  depends  upon  the  velocity  of  the  current,  it  follows 
that  the  swifter  the  flow  the  coarser  will  be  the  matter  deposited.  This 
naturally  leads  to  a  classification  depending  upon  the  rapidity  of  flow 
of  the  water  which  has  deposited  the  clay.  The  body  of  water  may  still 
be  in  existence  or  only  its  old  bed  may  be  traced. 

It  is  evident  that  alluvial  clays  prospected  for  cement-making  pur- 
poses should  be  found  in  the  beds  of  slowly  moving  bodies  of  considerable 
size,  since  only  these  conditions  insure  fineness  of  grain  and  uniformity 
of  composition  sufficient  for  practical  operations.  In  examination  of 
clays  of  this  type,  a  careful  study  should  be  made  of  the  conditions  which 
governed  the  deposition  of  the  clay,  as  well  as  of  the  extent  of  the  bed; 
since  many  alluvial  clays  are  extremely  irregular  in  composition  and 
show  layers  of  clay  alternating  with  streaks  of  sand  and  gravel.  There 
are  fine-grained,  alluvial-clay  deposits  of  considerable  magnitude,  but, 
as  has  been  said,  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  extent  of  such  a  bed 
should  be  made  by  means  of  borings  before  risking  an  investment.  The 
most  promising  deposits  of  this  kind  are  offered  by  those  old  lake  beds 
in  which  the  conditions  of  sedimentation  have  been  such  that  only  the 
finest  particles  have  been  laid  down.  In  this  way  clays  excellently 
suited  for  cement  making  have  been  deposited. 

Glacial  clays- — A  large  part  of  Illinois  is  covered  by  glacial,  drift — a 
conglomerate  mixture  of  native  clay,  shale,  sandstone,  limestone,  and 
various  other  rocks,  mostly  of  igneous  origin,  which  have  been  brought 
from  the  north  by  the  sheet  of  ice  which  once  covered  much  of  the  State. 
As  a  class  the  glacial  clays  are  entirely  unsuited  for  the  manufacture  of 
Portland  cement,  and  any  attempt  to  make  use  of  them  usually  ends 
disastrously.  These  clays  may  be  dismissed  by  stating  that  they  are  not 
promising  except  where  washed  out  from  the  admixed  rock  debris  and 
deposited  again  in  lake  beds  and  river  bottoms.  Such  secondary  material 
becomes  available,  locally,  if  sufficiently  fine  grained  and  of  the  proper 
silica-alumina  ratio.  These  deposits  naturally  require  careful  explora- 
tion. 


LOESS,  SANDSTONE  AND  SAND  FOR  MIXTURE  WITH  CLAY. 

In  dealing  with  aluminous  clays,  with  too  low  a  silica-alumina  ratio, 
the  conditions  might  make  it  advisable  to  correct  the  proportions  by  the 
addition  of  a  fine-grained  siliceous  material.  In  this  connection  might 
be  considered  the  loess  clays  of  western  and  southern  Illinois,  which  are 
commonly  supposed  by  geologists  to  be  wind  deposits.     They  are  very 


26  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

high  in  silica,  and  frequently  of  great  fineness.  In  attempting  to  use  a 
■No.  2  fire  clay,  too  high  in  alumina  lor  cement  manufacture,  for  instance, 
a  mixture  might  be  made  with  loess  to  establish  the  proper  ratio.  Simi- 
larly, fine-grained  sandstone,  or  still  better.;  the  extremely  fine,  white, 
silica  occurring  in  large  amounts  in  southern  Illinois  could  be  utilized. 
The  objection  to  the  use  of  loess  clay  would  be  its  irregularity  in  com- 
position and  size  of  grain;  but  this  would  not  apply  in  the  case  of  fine- 
grained sandstones  and  amorphous  silica  deposits.  In  any  case,  the 
amount  of  siliceous  addition  should  be  as  low  as  possible  in  order  to  keep 
down  the  cost  of  such  a  mixture;  for  at  best  it  would  be  but  a  necessary 
evil. 


LIMESTONE  MATERIALS. 
Character  and  Working  Behavior. 

The  limestone  of  Illinois  is  its  principal  source  of  lime  for  the  manu- 
facture of  Portland  cement,  since  practically  no  marl  deposits  exist. 
Geologically,  limestone  is  the  result  of  the  water  deposition  of  the  car- 
bonate of  lime — more  or  less  admixed  with  fine-grained  clay  and  sand, 
according  to  the  conditions  of  sedimentation.  The  content  of  magnesium 
carbonate  may  be  so  large  that  it  approaches  45  per  cent  of  the  stone; 
in  which  case  there  exists  either  an  isomorphous  double  compound, 
Ca,C03.MgC03, .  known  as  "dolomite" — or  a  mixture  of  dolomite  and 
calcite  in  which  the  magnesia  content  diminishes  with  the  decrease  in 
dolomite. 

A  strong  resemblance  exists,  in  many  chemical  respects,  between  the 
calcium  and  magnesium  compounds.  Both  carbonates  when  heated  lose 
their  carbon  dioxide  and  become  oxides ;  though  the  dissociation  of  mag- 
nesium carbonate  takes  place  at  a  lower  temperature.  Both  oxides  on 
being  brought  in  contact  with  water  slake  and  form  hydrates ;  the  mag- 
nesia., however,  reacting  more  sluggishly,  and  with  the  .evolution  of  less 
heat.  Again,  both  oxides,  if  intimately  combined  with  clay  in  the  pro- 
portion obtained  in  the  average  Portland  cement — about  3  molecular 
equivalents  of  lime  or  of  magnesia  to  1  of  silica,  0.2  of  alumina,  and 
0.06  of  ferric  oxide — and  burned  to  vitrification  result  in  hydraulic  ce- 
ments. When  ground  to  a  powder  and  mixed  with  water  both  hydrate 
and  harden.  But,  while  the  lime-cement  will  set  with  considerable 
rapidity,  the  magnesia  compound  will  harden  slowly. 

In  making  up  a  Portland  cement  with  dolomite  it  is  evident  that  the 
silica  must  be  distributed  between  the  two  bases  so  that  the  magnesia 
replaces  part  of  the  lime  of  the  regular  cement.  Whether  this  mutual 
replacement  during  the  process  of  vitrification  takes  place  smoothly  is 
not  known,  but  it  would  seem  from  the  study  of  the  fusion  curves  of  the 
independent  calcium  and  magnesium  silicates  that  the  two  bases  vary 
considerably  in  formation  behavior. 

According  to  work  done  in  the  geophysical  laboratory  of  the  Carnegie 
Institute,  four  crystalline  modifications  of  magnesium  metasilieate 
(Mg  Si08)  exist.  One  stable  compound  of  a  double  lime-magnesium 
silicate  (CaO  MgO  Si02)  has  been  found  which  melts  at  1,380°  C.  and 
has  a  specific  gravity  of  3.275. 


BLEININGER]  RAW    MATBRIALg.  27 

Neglecting  entirely  the  differences  in  fusion  behavior  and  assuming 
that  the  replacement  of  the  lime  by  magnesia  results  in  normal  silicates, 
a  difficulty  is  bound  to  arise  on  hydration  owing  to  the  different  rate  of 
hydration  of  the  magnesium  and  calcium  compounds.  Just  as  the  cal- 
cium oxide  combines  with  water  so  much  more  eagerly  and  rapidly  than 
the  magnesium  oxide,  so  the  calcium  silicates  and  aluminates  of  a  vitri- 
fied cement  hydrate  more1  quickly  than  the  corresponding  magnesia  com- 
pounds. But  hydration  of  anhydrous  substances  invariably  brings  about 
volume  changes,  as  is  illustrated  by  the  slaking  of  lime.  One  unit 
weight  of  pure  quicklime  (Ca  0)  corresponds  to  0.314  units  of  volume. 
On  slaking  by  the  addition  of  water  this  weight  is  increased  to  1.75 
units  of  weight  and  the  volume  from  0.314  to  0.833  volumes,  which  is 
equivalent  to  2.62  times  the  original  bulk  of  the  quicklime.  Although 
the 'volume  changes  pertaining  to  the  basic  silicates  are  not  nearly  of 
this  magnitude,  yet  the  fact  remains  that  they  take  place. 

If  both  lime  and  magnesia  silicates  exist  together  in  the  cement,  and 
the  lime  silicate  hydrates  and  sets  faster  than  the  magnesium  compound, 
it  is  evident  that  the  volume  change  of  the  latter  must  take  place  after 
the  calcium  silicates  have  done  their  share  towards  hardening  the  ce- 
ment. This,  therefore,  causes  strains  within  the  cement  which  are  likely 
to  bring  about  cracking  or  the  entire  destruction'  of  the  cement.  For 
this  reason  it  is  advisable  to  keep  the  magnesia  content  as  low  as  possible. 

Pure  carbonate  of  lime  (Ca  C03)  consists  of  56  parts  of  calcium 
oxide  (CaO)  and  44  parts  of  carbon  dioxide  (C02).  On  being  heated 
to  a  temperature  of  about  900°  C.  the  compound  dissociates  and  the  gas 
escapes.  The  harder,  the  more  crystalline,  and  the  denser  the  carbonate 
of  lime  is,  the  higher  is  the  temperature  required  for  dissociation.  Herz- 
feld  has  found,  however,  that  1,040°  C,  is  sufficient  to  decompose  all  of 
a  large  number  of  limestones.  The  presence  of  impurities  like  silica, 
alumina,  and  iron  oxide  accelerates  the  decomposition,  and  for  this  rea- 
son impure  limestones  are  easily  overburned;  that  is,  the  lime  combines 
chemically  with  the  impurities  to  a  more  or  less  dense  mass  which  does 
not  slake  readily,  but  becomes  inert,  so  far  as  the  ordinary  uses  of  lime 
are  concerned. 

The  dissociation  of  lime  carbonate  at  atmospheric  pressure  becomes 
purely  a  matter  of  temperature,  and  it  has  been  found  by  Johnston  that 
898°  C,  is  the  minimum  temperature  at  which  pure  Ca  C03  can  be 
burned  at  atmospheric  pressure  in  the  absence  of  steam.  In  the  presence 
of  superheated  steam  the  decomposition  takes  place  at  a  lower  temper- 
ature.    In  the  nature  of  the  case  the  dissociation  of  carbonate  of  lime, 

Ca    COs+heat=Ca    0+C02. 
is  a  heat  consuming  one  and  might  be  written: 

Ca  COo+437.4  eals.=Ca  0+C02. 

One  gram  of  calcium  carbonate,  therefore,  requires  437.4  gram  calories 
for  its  decomposition;  or  100  pounds  of  the  carbonate  would  theoretically 
need  the  total  heat  of  6  pounds  of  good-grade  coal.  Practically,  the 
heat  consumption  is  about  four  times  as  large.  The  reaction  is  a  re- 
versible one;  for  by  conducting  carbon  dioxide  gas  over  quicklime,  pre- 
viously heated  to  redness,  the  union  resulting  in  the  formation  of  the 


28  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

carbonate  takes  place  with*  the  evolution  of  the  same  amount  of  heat  as 
was  previously  required  for  dissociation.  The  specific  gravity  of  the 
calcium  oxide  varies  from  3.27  to  3.40. 

On  being  brought  in  contact  with  water,  either  as  steam  or  in  the 
liquid  form,  calcium  oxide  changes  to  the  hydroxide  according  to  the 
reaction : 

Ca  0+H20=Ca  (OH) 2+ 15,100  cals. 

Here  is  represented  the  familiar  operation  of  slaking,  and  every  gram 
of  the  quicklime  releases  269.6  gram  calories.  At  the  same  time  the 
reaction  brings  about  a  large  increase  in  volume,  since  the  specific  gravity 
of  the  hydrate  is  approximately  2.1. 

The  chemical  union  between  the  calcium  carbonate  and  the  silicates  in 
the  formation  of  Portland  cement  takes  place  only  if  both  materials  are 
ground  very  fine,  since  it  is  evident  that  chemical  action  can  be  complete 
only  when  sufficient  contact  area  is  exposed.  The  finer  the  grains  of  the 
materials  the  more  readily  does  the  reaction  proceed.  Again,  it  is  true 
that  crystalline  calcium  carbonate  reacts  more  reluctantly  than  the 
amorphous  form ;  and  this  is  equally  true  of  the  silica  of  clay.  As  to  the 
composition  of  the  limestone,  it  is  by  no  means  necessary  that  it  be  pure 
— that  is,  high  in  lime  and  low  in  silica.  In  fact,  the  contrary  is  desirable, 
provided  the  silica  and  alumina  are  present  in  a  ratio  within  the  allow- 
able limits.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  silica  and  alumina  in  limestone 
are  usually  present  in  a  state  of  fine  subdivision,  it  is  clear  that  if  the 
chief  cement-making  constituents  can  thus  be  obtained  in  a  state  of 
intimate  natural  admixture,  blended  together  finer  than  is  possible  for 
human  agencies  to  accomplish,  a  great  deal  has  been  gained.  The  ideal 
condition  naturally  is  that  in  which  the  lime,  silica,  alumina,  and  ferric 
oxide  are  present  in  the  stone  in  the  proportion  needed  for  a  Portland 
cement;  in  which  case,  of  course,  no  other  addition  is  necessary.  This 
condition  is  actually  approached  in  the  cement  rock  of  the  Lehigh  Val- 
ley, Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  the  basis  of  a  large  cement  industry.  The 
purity  of  the  limestone,  therefore,  in  the  light  of  the  above  consideration, 
is  of  no  importance. 

Classification  of  Limestone. 

A  technical  classification  of  highly  calcareous  limestones  could  be 
based  upon  chemical  composition  or  physical  structure.  Considering 
the  chemical  composition  only  from  the  standpoint  of  suitability  for  the 
purpose  of  cement  manufacture,  a  classification  on  this  basis  is  unneces- 
sary ;  and  for  the  present  purpose  it  suffices  to  arrange  the  lime  materials 
according  to  their  structure,  as  follows : 

1.  Coarsely  crystalline  stone.  Pure,  i.  e.,  very  low  in  silica  and  clay 
matter.  Composed  of  large,  well-defined  cr}^stals  of  calcite  and  aragonite. 
Coral  rock  and  other  mineral  remains  may  be  present. 

2.  Dense,  crystalline  granular  stone.  Pure.  Differs  from  first  group 
only  in  structure  and  may  be  recrystallized.  This  type  represents  the 
most  common  limestones.  In  this  group,  however,  are  also  included  the 
marbles — metamorphosed  limestones  composed  of  calcite  grains  of  great 
uniformity. 


BLEININGER]  RAW    MATERIALS.  29 

3.  Dense,  dull,  but  hard  stone.  Impure.  In  these  rocks  either  the 
content  of  clay,  carbonaceous  matter,  or  fine  silica,  or  of  all  of  these  is 
so  high  that  the  granular  limestone  structure  is  no  longer  prominent, 
though  the  hardness  is  but  slightly  impaired.     Cement  rock. 

4.  Shale  rock.  Stone  of  shale-like  structure  in  which  the  clay  con- 
tent is  high  enough  to  cause  the  limestone  structure  to  disappear  entirely. 
Such  materials  are  on  the  boundary  line  between  clayey  limestone  and 
calcareous  clays.    The  hardness  is  about  that  of  shale. 

5.  Chalk.  Fine  rock  flour,  derived  from  the  remains  of  foraminifera 
and  other  marine  organisms;  soft;  usually  pure. 

6.  Marls.  Soft,  amorphous,  calcium  carbonate,  varying  through  all 
grades  of  purity  from  nearly  pure  carbonate  to  calcareous  clay.  Traver- 
tine, though  of  a  different  origin,  may  be  included  in  this  group  from 
the  technical  standpoint.  Marl  deposits  constitute  the  bottoms  of  glacial 
lakes  in  Michigan,  Indiana,  Ohio  and  other  states.  Frequently  shells  are 
present  in  sufficient  quantities  to  cause  serious  annoyance  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cement.  Formerly,  owing  to  its  extremely  fine  structure,  marl 
was  considered  the  ideal  raw  material  for  cement  making,  but  owing 
to  the  varying  depth  of  the  deposits,  the  fluctuations  in  composition,  low 
specific  gravity,  and  high  water-content,  its  use  is  no  longer  considered 
so  desirable. 

From  the  standpoint  of  the  manufacturer,  the  materials  of  groups  3 
and  4  are  best  suited  for  his  purposes  since  the  required  clay  matter 
occurs  in  the  stone  itself,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  and  in  a  most  desirable 
condition,  being  finely  disseminated  and  blended  with  the  carbonate  of 
lime."  In  the  absence  of  such  material  the  pure  crystalline  or  granular 
limestone  is  desirable,  in  which  case,  however,  the  selection  of  a  suitable 
clay  becomes  an  important  matter. 

THE  EXAMINATION  OF  CEMENT  MATERIALS. 
Field  Investigation. 

In  order  to  determine  the  suitability  of  certain  raw  materials  for  the 
manufacture  of  Portland  cement  the  question  of  chemical  and  physical 
tests  becomes  a  significant  one.  In  this  connection  the  importance  of 
obtaining  proper  samples,  and  of  thoroughly  examining  a  property 
should  be  emphasized.  Only  too  often  this  important  matter  is  greatly 
neglected  in  spite  of  the  heavy  investment  involved  in  the  erection  of 
£  cement  plant.  This  is  especially  true  as  regards  clay  deposits;  with 
the  result  that  the  efficiency  of  the  mill  is  sometimes  seriously  handi- 
capped by  a  location  making  necessary  the  use  of  an  unsuitable  clay. 
In  addition,  in  the  use  of  certain  clays  tfrere  is  constant  danger  of  pro- 
ducing an  inferior  cement.  The  prospecting  of  a  cement  property  should 
be  placed  in  the  hands  of  an  expert,  and  should  not  be  left  to  the  tender 
mercies  of  the  professional  promoter. 

The  first  step  in  the  examination  of  both  the  limestone  and  the  clay 
is  the  chemical  analysis.  In  this  connection  it  is  not  thought  advisable 
to  consider  here  the  general  analytical  methods  employed,  but  to  restrict 


30  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

the  discussion  to  special  methods  and  to  the  results  of  the  analysis.  For 
laboratory  methods  such  a  work  as  "Portland  Cement,"  by  E.  K.  Meade, 
may  be  consulted. 

Clay  Analysis. 

The  chemical  composition  of  the  clays  may  be  considered  in  regard  to 
the  following  standpoints: 

1.  The  ratio  between  the  percentage  of  silica  and  alumina. 
The  content  of: 

2.  Magnesia. 

3.  Ferric  oxide. 

4.  Alkalies.. 

5.  Sulphur. 

6.  Inert  mineral  matter. 

1.  Stii ca,- alumina  ratio — The  ratio  between  the  silica  and  alumina 
content  of  clays  as  has  already  been  indicated  is  an  important  factor. 
Too  much  alumina  will  result  in  a  cement  which  sets  too  rapidly  and  is 
liable  to  be  inconstant  in  volume ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  a  clay  which 
is  too  silicious  will  give  a  cement  which  is  too  slow  setting  for  commercial 
purposes  or  which,  unless  the  free  silica  is  very  fine  grained,  will  cause 
the  cost  of  raw  grinding  to  be  excessively  high.  An  examination  shows 
that  20  American  Portland  cements  have  an  average  silica  and  alumina 
ratio,  i.  e.,  the  percentage  of  silica  divided  by  the  percentage  of  alumina, 
approaching  2.9,  while  several  hundred  German  cements  average  2.78. 

Although,  of  course,  this  ratio  expresses  the  silica-alumina  relation  in 
the  mixture  of  the  clay  and  lime  material  in  cements,  it  furnishes  some 
clue  as  to  the  desirable  proportion  in  the  clay.  It  is  evident  that  the 
allowable  ratio  depends  also  upon  the  composition  of  the  limestone.  In 
connection  with  a  siliceous  stone  the  clay  may  have  a  much  lower  pro- 
portion of  silica  to  alumina  than  in  the  case  of  a  pure  or  more  aluminous 
limestone,  since  the  ultimate  silica-alumina  ratio  is  evidently  governed 
by  the  following  relation : 

fli     — Ho  X 

=C 

b1+b2  x 
where  ax=per  cent  of  silica  in  clay. 

a2=per  cent  of  silica  in  limestone. 

b1=per  cent  of  alumina  in  clay. 

b2=per  cent  of  alumina  in  limestone. 

x  =parts  of  limestone  to  1  part  by  weight  of  clay. 

c  =silica-alumina  ratio  of  resulting  cement=2.5  to  3.50. 
It  is  therefore  impossible  to  state  whether  the  silica-alumina  ratio 
may  be  kept  within  the  desirable  limits  until  the  analyses  of  both  the  clay 
and  the  limestone  are  known.  For  satisfactory  results  it  is,  of  course, 
best  when  the  value  x — the  parts  of  stone  to  1  part  of  clay — results  in  a 
silica-alumina  ratio  which  is  within  the  allowable  limits  and  which 
might  be  taken  fo  be  2.50  and  3.50.  Since  the  limestone  analysis  is 
usually  obtained  first,  it  is  necessary  that  the  clay  to  be  selected  should 


BLEININGER]  RAW    MATERIALS.  31 

conform  in  composition  to  these  limits  of  the  silica-alumina  ratio.  In 
case  a  practically  pure  limestone  is  used  the  clay  itself  should  come 
within  these  values. 

2.  Magnesia  content — The  amount  of  magnesia  permissible  in  a  clay 
naturally  depends  upon  the  magnesia  content  of  the  limestone.  The 
amount  permissible  in  Portland  cement  is  usually  taken  as  3  per  cent. 
This  is  an  arbitrary  limit  for  which,  perhaps,  there  is  not  sufficient 
justification  since  many  cements  with  considerably  more  magnesia  have 
given  excellent  results,  both  in  practical  work  and  in  laboratory  tests. 
The  average  magnesia  content  of  14  American  Portland  cements  was 
found  to  be  2.05  per  cent;  of  several  hundred  German  cement  samples, 
1.63  per  cent.  Since  the  consensus  of  opinion  is  against  the  presence  of 
more  than  4  per  cent  of  this  compound,  commercial  reasons  alone  dictate, 
therefore,  that  a  clay  should  not  contribute  more  magnesia  than  would 
bring  its  content  above  3  per  cent  in  the  finished  cement. 

3.  Ferric  oxide  content — The  iron  oxide  is  not  usually  taken  into 
account  except  when  the  clay  is  too  low  in  iron.  A  certain  amount  of 
ferric  oxide  is  necessary  in  clays  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  vitri- 
fication of  cements,  as  has  been  shown  in  previous  statements.  It  has, 
nevertheless,  an  important  function  to  perform,  although,  in  itself,  it  is 
not  considered  to  contribute  much  towards  the  production  of  hydrau- 
licity.  Its  amount  in  the  clay  should  be  such  that  with  the  required 
amount  of  stone  it  does  not  produce  a  cement  containing  less  than  2  per 
cent  of  ferric  oxide.  A  higher  content  in  the  clay,  corresponding  to  as 
much  as  6  or  8  per  cent,  is  not  objectionable. 

4-.  Content  of  alkalies — The  presence  of  alkalies  in  the  form  of 
feldspar  cannot  be  considered  objectionable,  especially  since  in  the  red- 
burning  clays  this  mineral  hardly  ever  occurs  in  excessive  quantities. 
Feldspar  is  a  flux  which  is  valuable  in  reducing  the  burning  temperature, 
its  effect  being  gradual,  and  in  direct  proportion  to  the  amount  presents 
Its  fluxing  effect  begins  at  low  temperatures^  about  1,070°  C,  and  Con- 
tinues more  vigorously  as  the  temperature  rises.  Combined  with  ferric 
oxide  and  some  lime,  feldspar  forms  a  very  easily  melting  silicate  mix- 
ture,1 which,  by  solution,  enriches  itself  from  the  other  constituents  of 
the  cement  as  the  temperature  rises,  thus  being  essential  in  bringing 
about  the  vitrification  of  the  whole  mass.  Feldspar  is  able  to  dissolve 
from  2.5  to  3.5  per  cent  of  alumina;  13  to  14  per  cent  of  clay  substance; 
and  from  60  to  70  per  cent  of  quartz.2 

5.  Sulphur  content — Sulphur  is  objectionable;  and  since  some  shales 
and  No.  2  fire  clays  contain  considerable  amounts  of  pyrites  and  other 
sulphur  combinations  it  is  important  to  pay  some  attention  to  this  fea- 
ture. In  addition,  the  cement  absorbs  more  or  less  sulphur  from  the 
coal,  so  that  the  amount  allowable  in  clay  must  be  decidedly  less  than 
the  maximum  permissible  in  the  cement.  From  careful  investigations 
carried  on  by  the  German  Association  of  Portland  Cement  Manu- 
facturers, it  appears  that  a  content  of  3  per  cent  of  total  S03  in  the 
finished  cement  should  never  be  exceeded.  This  includes  the  sulphur 
brought  in  by  the  gypsum  which  is  acfded  in  the  grinding  of  the  clinker. 


1  Bleininger,  A.  V.,  Trans.  Am.  Ceram.  Soc,  Vol.  10. 

2  Plenske,  Sprechsaal,  1908,  Nos.  19-24. 


32  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND- CEMENT  RESOURCES.  tBtJLL-  Na  17 

Assuming  that  2  per  cent  of  raw  gypsum  is  introduced  in  this  way, 
the  maximum  amount  of  S03  permissible  in  the  cement  proper  is  not 
more  than  2  per  cent. 

6.  " Inert  mineral  content" — By  this  term  is  meant  the  percentage 
by  weight  of  the  residue  which  remains  behind,  after  the  unground  clay 
is  intimately  mixed  with  eight  times  its  weight  of  calcium  carbonate, 
heated  to  a  bright-red  heat,  cooled,  treated  successively  with  hot  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  sodium  carbonate  solutions,  and  the  residue  finally 
washed  thoroughly  with  a  weak  acid  solution  and  ignited.  The  clay  in 
this  process  is  first  mixed  with  a  large  amount  of  water,  boiled,  and,  if 
necessary,  deflocculated  by  shaking  thoroughly  until  the  granular  matter 
has  separated  from  the  fiocculent  portion;  the  whole  being  passed 
through  a,  40-mesh  sieve.  The  clay  suspension  is  then  evaporated  to 
dryness,  intimately  mixed,  and  a  sample  taken  for  calcination  with  the 
calcium  carbonate.  This  treatment  closely  imitates  the  burning  of 
Portland  cement,  and  it  is  evident  that  all  the  constituents  of  the  clay 
which  can  unite  with  the  lime  will  do  so  and  the  inert  matter  will  remain 
uncombined  and,  hence,  insoluble  in  acid  and  alkali.  It  is  evident  that 
the  principal  part  of  the  inert  material  consists  of  quartz-  which  is  too 
coarse  to  be  available  for  chemical  combination,  though  a  portion  may 
consist  of  silicates  unavailable  for  the  same  reason.  In  the  case  of  very 
fine-grained  clays,  such  as  shales,  redeposited  alluvial  and  glacial  clays 
of  the  lacustrine  type,  and  No.  2  fire  clays,  practically  no  residue  is 
found.  In  the  case  of  the  ordinary  surface  clays  this  residue  may  be 
very  high. 

The  practical  meaning  of  this  test  is  obvious.  If  nearly  all  of  the  un- 
ground clay  is  thus  brought  in  solution  the  cost  of  raw  grinding,  as  far 
as  the  clay  is  concerned,  will  be  at  the  minimum,  and  a  material  of  this 
type,  provided  its  chemical  composition  is  satisfactory  otherwise,  would 
be  exceedingly  desirable.  On  the  other  hand,  any  considerable  amount 
of  inert  residue  must  be  reduced  by  grinding  until  it  is  fine  enough  to 
enter  into  reaction  with  the  lime.  This  point  is  especially  important  as 
regards  plastic  clays,  as  it  may  even  mean  the  success  or  failure  of  the 
plant.  When  the  fact  is  considered  that  coarse  material  not  only  in- 
creases the  cost  of  grinding  but  also  that  it  involves  the  use  of  higher 
temperatures  in  burning,  since  it  is  commercially  impossible  to  reduce  it 
to  the  desirable  fineness,  the  importance  of  this  factor  becomes  mani- 
fest. If,  therefore,  a  plant  is  able  to  produce  only  450  barrels  of  cement 
per  kiln  in  24  hours,  when  it  might  approach  a  capacity  of  600  barrels, 
the  question  of  cost  assumes  a  serious  aspect.  Where  there  is  a  possible 
choice  between  clays,  the  one  showing  the  smallest  residue  on  calcination 
with  lime  should  be  selected  invariably. 

Limestone  Analysis. 

The  statements  regarding  the  clay  analysis  hold  practically  for  the 
limestone,  and  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

1.  The  lime-carrying  material  should  be  fine-grained  and  uniform  in 
composition  and  structure   (free  from  concretions). 


BLEININGER]  RAW    MATERIALg.  33 

2.  Its  magnesia  should  be  low  enough  so  that  a  content  of  3  per  cent 
of  magnesium  oxide  is  not  exceeded' in  the  cement. 

3.  Its  alumina  content  should  not  be  high  enough  to  disturb  the 
proper  silica-alumina  ratio  in  the  cement. 

4.  It  should  be  low  in  sulphur  and  free  from  pyrites. 

The  most  important  question  referring  to  the  chemical  composition  of 
the  lime-carrying  material  is  that  of  the  magnesia  content;  for  it  is 
evident  that  if  more  magnesia  could  be  allowed  the  cement  resources 
would  be  greatly  increased. 

Wl  He  the  well-known  experiments  of  Dyckerhoff  have  given  evidence 
magnesia  content  is  deleterious,  other  experimentors  have  shown 
that  this  is  not  the  case  if  the  magnesia  is  calculated  to  replace  an 
equivalent  amount  of  lime.  This  view  is  advocated  by  Von  Blaese, 
Mayer,  Kawalewsky,  Golinelli,  Campbell  and  White,  and  others.  The 
last  named  investigators1  probably  offer  the  soundest  view  upon  this 
subject,  which  is  quoted  as  follows : 

"The  effect  of  magnesia,  like  that  of  lime,  depends  less  upon  its  total 
amount  than  upon  the  form  in  which  it  exists.  Combined  magnesia, 
like  silica  lime,  has  no  injurious  effect  in  Portland  cement.  Magnesia 
combined  with  silica  and  alumina  forms  a  hydraulic  cement  which  is 
safe  but,  as  compared  with  Portland  cement,  is  too  weak  to  be  of  any 
commercial  value.  Free*  magnesia  has  no  appreciable  effect  in  'cement 
used  above  ground  where  it  is  continuously  dry.  If  the  cement  is  wet  for 
a  part  or  the  whole  of  the  time,  the  free  magnesia  will  hydrate  very  slowly 
and  cause  expansion.  Even  where  the  cement  is  continuously  in  water 
the  expansion  due  to  free  magnesia  is  not  appreciable  until  after  two 
months,  and  only  becomes  distinctly  evident  after  a  year.  The  hydra- 
tion seems  to  be  only  well  under  headway  at  the  end  of  the  first  year, 
and  expansion  continues  at  an  increasingly  rapid  rate  for  at  least  five 
years,  and  probably  longer.  Ageing  does  not  seem  to  diminish  the  dele- 
terious effect  of  free  magnesia  in  cement.  This  is  to  be  expected,  since 
the  rate  of  hydration  of  hard-burnt  magnesia  in  air  is  almost  im- 
perceptibly slow.  *  *  *  Increased  percentage  of  free  magnesia  causes 
cumulatively  greater  expansion  until,  with  3  per  cent  of  free  magnesia, 
the  expansion  is  too  great  to  be  at  all  safe." 

As  regards  the  limestone  structure,  it  is  obvious  that  the  finer  grained 
and  softer  the  material  is,  the  better  it  is  for  cement  making. 

Physical  Tests. 

Physical  tests  of  the  raw  materials  deal  principally  with  the  fineness 
of  grain  of  the  clays,  and  are  useful  mostly  in  the  selection  of  clays 
prior  to  the  plant  installation.  The  importance  of  fineness  has  already 
been  pointed  out  sufficiently. 

There  are  several  methods  available  for  the  purpose  of  the  so-called 
mechanical  analysis ;  depending  upon  separation  by  sieves,  by  sedimenta- 
tion, elutriation,  and  centrifugal  action.  One  method  commonly  used  in 
the  ceramic  industries  is  based  on  the  use  of  the  so-called  Schulz  appara- 

i  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  28,  No.  10. 

-3  G 


34  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

tus,  a  device  which  effects  separation  by  elutriation  (PI.  IV).  It  con- 
sists of  three  tin-lined  copper  cans,  2,  5,  and.  6  15/16  inches  in  diameter, 
respectively.  The  vessels  are  provided  with  conical  bottoms,  and  water 
is  passed  through  the  series  of  three  cans,  flowing  first  into  the  narrowest 
one  through  a  glass  thistle-tube  of  the  next  can.  The  flow  and  the  tem- 
perature of  the  water  should  be  kept  constant.  The  former  is  accom- 
plished by  drawing  the  liquid  from  a  vessel  of  constant  level  at  the  rate 
of  176  c.  c.  per  minute;  the  latter,  by  the  use  of  a  heating  coil  and  an 
automatic  thermostat,.  For  practical  work  the  latter  feature  is  not 
necessary.  Since  the  volume  of  water  per  unit  of  time  is  constant  it  is 
evident  that  the  velocity  of  the  current  must  be  greatest  in  the  first, 
and  least  in  the  last  can.  The  particles  deposited  in  the  first  can,  there- 
fore, are  the  largest  ones,  corresponding  to  an  average  size  of  0.0577 
mm.,  those  of  the  second  to  0.0354  mm.,  and  of  the  third  to  0.0167  mm., 
while  the  average  size  of  the  overflow  material  is  about  0.005  mm. 

The  mechanical  separation  is  carried  out  with  a  50-gram  sample  of 
clay.  This  amount  is  first  placed  in  a  large  bottle  with  considerable 
water,  to  which  some  caustic  soda  or  sodium  oxalate  has  been  added  for 
deflocculation.  The  receptacle  is  then  mechanically  shaken  for  two 
hours.  The  amount  of  reagent  required  to.  bring  about  deflocculation 
may  be  determined  by  placing  a  clay  sample  of  about  5  grams  in  a 
100-cc,  stoppered  graduate,  adding  caustic  soda,  which  is  the  more  com- 
mon reagent,  in  amounts  varying  from  0.1  to  2  per  cent  of  the  weight  of 
the  dry  clay,  shaking  for  one  hour,  and  noting  the  amount  of  sediment 
formed  on  settling,  as  well  as  the  degree  of  turbidity.  The  least  amount 
of  granular  sediment  corresponds  to  maximum  deflocculation   (PI.  V). 

The  thin,  clay-slip  is  then  poured  through  a  set  of  small  conical  sieves, 
which  may  be  telescoped  together  and  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  sizes 
of  mesh  as  follows :  20,  40,  60,  80,  100,  120  and  150.  The  sediments 
remaining  on  the  sieves  are  washed  thoroughly  free  from  finer  material. 
The  sieves  are  then  dried  and  re-weighed  so  as  to  ascertain  the  weights 
of  the  residues.  The  liquid  which  has  passed  through  the  sieves  is  then 
washed  into  can  No.  1,  and  the  flow  of  water  maintained  with  half  the 
velocity  for  about  the  first  two  hours.  The  flow  is  then  adjusted  to  the 
standard  velocity  and  the  apparatus  left  to  complete  the  elutriation. 
This  stage  is  noted  by  the  clear  appearance  of  the  water  in  the  third  can. 
It  is  then  necessary  to  draw  off  the  water  by  means  of  a  syphon  down  to 
the  'Conical  part  of  the  cans,  to  wash  out  the  residues,  and  to  evaporate 
them  to  dryness  for  weighing.  Thus  are  found  the  weights  of  the  sieve 
and  can  residues,  and,  by  difference,  the  amount  of  material  carried  off 
by  the  overflow. 


ILLINOIS   STATE   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.  NO.  17,  PLATE  IV. 


Schulz   elutriating  apparatus. 


BLEININGERJ  RAW    MATERIALS.  .  35 

If  it  is  desired  to  express  the  fineness  of  a  clay  by  a  single  numerical 
expression  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  average  sizes  of  grain  of  each 
sediment  as  well  as  of  the  overflow.  These  values,  based  on  actual 
measurements  upon  clays,  have  been  found  to  be  as  follows: 

Fineness  of  clay  particles. 


Mesh  of  sieve. 

Average 
diameter  of 
grains,  mm. 

40... '. 

0.2170 

80. 

0.1850 

100 

0.1500 

120 

0.1275 

150 

0 .0950 

200 ■ ..-.I 

0 .0775 

Can  No. — 

1 

• 

0 .0577 

2 

0 .0354 

3 

0 .0167 

Overflow 

0 .0050 

The  fineness  factor  is  then  calculated  by  dividing  the  percentage  weight 
of  each  residue  and  of  the  overflow  material  by  the  average  diameter 
of  the  grains,  and  adding  up  the  quotients  obtained.  Such  a  surface 
factor  is  useful  in  expressing  not  only  the  fineness  of  grain  of  clays,  but 
also  of  the  ground  raw  mixtures,  thus  making  it  possible  to  give  a 
valuation  of  the  grinding  work  done  upon  the*  materials.  Even  though 
the  average  grain  sizes  given  may  not  be  the  same  for  all  materials  owing 
to  variations  in  specific  gravity,  yet  the  numerical  expression  enables 
one  to  make  comparisons  between  similar  substances. 

Summarizing,  the  chemical  and  physical  tests  of  cement  materials 
include : 

1.  Chemical  analysis  of  clay  and  limestone. 

2.  Heating  tests  of  clay  mixed  with  carbonate  of  lime ;  and  determina- 
tion of  the  residue  insoluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  sodium  carbonate 
solutions. 

3.  Mechanical  separation  of  clay  into  certain  arbitrary  sizes  capable 
of  convenient  differentiation. 


THE  EFFECT  OF  HEAT  UPON  THE  CEMENT  MIXTURE. 

In  the  burning  of  an  intimate  mixture  of  limestone  and  clay  to  ce- 
ment, the  clay  base  and  the  carbonate  of  lime  undergo  a  series  of  reac- 
tions, which  begin  with  the  expulsion  of  the  chemical  water  from  the 
clay  at  about  700°  C.  and  the  dissociation  of  the  calcium  carbonate  at 
approximately  900°  C.  At  the  latter  temperature  it  is  quite  probable 
that  the  lime  replaces  the  chemical  water  of  the  clay,  forming  A120,.. 
2  Si  02.2  Ca  O.  At  about  1,000°  C.  the  lime  combines  with  the  fine- 
grained free  silica  leaving,  however,  much  free  lime  in  excess.  The 
mass  is  now  porous,  and  when  worked  up  with  water  takes  up  the  latter 
eagerly  by  capillary  attraction,  so  that  hydration  takes  place  readily. 


36  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

The-  material  at  this  stage,  therefore,  is  the  equivalent  of  natural 
cement,  and  sets  rapidly.  As  the  temperature  rises  to  1,100°  C.  the 
fluxing  constituents,  especially  the  ferric  oxide,  begin  to  act — thus  con- 
solidating the  mass — and  more  free  silica  is  taken  up.  At  about  1,250° 
C.  this  action  proceeds  more  vigorously,  the  mass  becomes  harder  and  if 
allowed  to  cool  would  in  many  cases  go  down  to  dust,  owing  to  the  forma- 
tion of  the  unstable  form  of  the  orthocalcium  silicate.  At  from  1,350° 
to  1,500°  C,  according  to  the  content  of  lime,  the  amount  of  iron  and 
other  fluxes,  the  fineness  of  grinding,  etc,  vitrification  takes  place 
rapidly  under  exothermic  conditions.  This  process  may  be  explained 
by  supposing  the  fusion  of  an  iron-alumina-alkali-calcium  silicate  such 
as  would  be  produced  by  the  heating  of  a  mixture  of  ferric  oxide,  clay, 
feldspar,  and  calcite,  which  dissolves  more  and  more  lime  until  the 
orthosilicate  is  formed,  and  some  of  the  calcium  oxide  is  left  in  solution. 
Like  all  calcareous  bodies,  such  a  mixture  fuses  with  great  rapidity,  thus 
accounting  for  the  short  time  required  for  the  operation.  The  amount 
of  heat  evolved  in  the  formation  of  the  hydraulic  modification  of  the 
calcium  orthosilicate,  which  seems  to  be  the  compound  produced,  is  not 
known  with  any  degree  of  accuracy. 

It  is  evident  that  the  reactions  producing  the  cementing  compounds 
3  Ca  O.  Si  02  and  3  Ca  O.  A1203  will  more  closely  approach  equilibrium 
conditions,  the  finer  the  mixture  has  been  ground.  Insufficient  raw 
grinding  results  in  an  undissolved  residue,  which  is  detected  by  treating 
the  ground  clinker  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  which  is  usually  found 
to  be  quartz. 


SETTING  AND  HABDENING  OF  CEMENT. 

When  Portland  cement  is  made  up  with  water  it  sets  and  begins  to 
harden.  The  exact,  mechanism  of  the  hardening  does  not  appear  to  be 
known  at  the  present  time.  In  a  general  way  it  is  presumed  that  the 
basic  calcium  silicate  is  decomposed,  setting  free  lime  hydrate,  probably 
forming  a  monocalcium  silicate  and  some  colloidal  products. 

Dr.  Michaelis,  Sr.,  in  his  highly  interesting  and  instructive  work,  con- 
siders the  colloidal  end-products  of  the  hydration  to  be  the  important 
cementing  factor,  and  assumes  that  these  gradually  become  "set"  and 
harden.  A  certain  amount  of  water,  approximately  14  per  cent  of  the 
hardened  cement,  becomes  a  fixed  constituent  which  is  expelled  only  by 
heating  the  cement  to  red  heat. 

The  facts  known  relative  to  the  hardening  process  thus  seem  to  indi- 
cate that  the  dicalcium  silicate  and  the  calcium  aluminate  and  ferrate 
on  the  addition  of  water  break  up  to  simpler  compounds,  part  of  which 
may  assume  the  form  known  as  "gel"  in  colloidal  chemistry.  These  col- 
loidal, hydrous  substances  may  again  interact  with  each  other  to  form 
compounds  similar  to  the  zeolites,  or  they  may  harden  simply  by  their 
loss  of  water. 


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BLBININGBR]  PORTLAND-CEMENT    MANUFACTURE.  37 


CHAPTER   III— THE  MANUFACTURE   OF  PORT- 
LAND CEMENT. 

(By  A.  V.  Bleininger.) 


Consideration  of  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  includes  the 
following  headings: 

Composition  of  the  cement  mixture. 

Winning  the  raw  materials.    . 

Eaw  grinding. 

Burning. 

Clinker  grinding  and  storage. 


COMPOSITION   OF   THE   MIXTURE. 

After  preliminary  tests  have  shown  the  suitability  of  a  clay  and  a 
calcareous  material,  say  a  limestone,  the  first  step  in  the  manufacture  of 
cement  is  the  calculation  of  the  proper  mixture.  Various  investigators 
have  proposed  different  chemical  formulae  based  upon  extensive  experi- 
mental studies  for  the  calculation  of  the  cement  composition.  Thus, 
Le  Chatelier1  proposed  the  formula  x  (3  Ca  0.  Si  02)+y  (3  Ca  0.  Al2 
03)  based  upon  the  existence  of  a  tricalcium  silicate.  S.  B.  and  W.  B. 
Newberry2  suggested  a  change  in  the  Le  Chatelier  formula  to  x  (3  Ca 
0.  Si  02)+y  (2  Ca  0.  Al2  03).  In  these  expressions  the  coefficients  x 
and  y  represent  the  molecular  equivalents  of  silica  and  alumina  re- 
spectively, and  hence  it  follows  that  the  lime  content  of  the  mixture  to 
be  produced  is  proportional  to  the  silica  and  alumina  content  of  clays. 
Besides  the  Le  Chatelier  formula  a  number  of  others  have  been  pro- 
posed on  a  more  or  less  empirical  basis  such  as  that  of  Meyer:  x  (3  Ca 
0)  Si  02+y  (n  Ca  0)  Si  02  R2  03,  in  which  the  value  of  n  =  3  to  4. 
A  resume  of  the  various  theories  proposed  by  different  workers  will  be 
found  in  Bulletin  3,  Fourth  Series,  Ohio  Geological  Survey.  A  simple 
method  of  calculation,  employed  very  generally  in  Europe,  depends  on 
the  so-called  hydraulic  modulus  which  may  be  stated  as  follows : 
Per  cent  calcium  oxide 
—2. 

Per  cent  silica+per  cent  alumina-(-per  cent  ferric  oxide 


1  Recherches  experimentales  sur  la  constitution  des  mortiers  hydrauligues:    Annates  des  Mines,  1887 

2  Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind:    Vol.  16,  No.  11. 


38 


ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES. 


[BULL.  NO.  17 


This  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  the  content  of  calcium  oxide  should 
be  twice  as  great  as  the  sum  of  the  percentages  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
ferric  oxide.     The  permissible  variations  range  from  1.8  to  2.2. 

All  of  these  formulae  neglect  the  ratio  of  silica  to  alumina,  the  amount 
of  fluxing  constituents,  such  as  ferric  oxide,  alkalies,  etc.,  and,  neces- 
sarily, the  degree  of  fineness  of  the  mixture.  As  a  result,  while  they 
may  serve  for  the  calculation  of  the  cement  mixture  they  cannot  be  relied 
upon  to  furnish  the  best  proportion  for  each  set  of  conditions,  owing  to 
the  variety  of  factors  involved.  Nor  is  it  possible  with  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  subject  to  derive  any  suitable  general  formulae.  As  a 
consequence,  the  fixing  of  the  best  proportion  of  clay  to  lime  material  is 
more  or  less  of  an  empirical  procedure. 

Thus,  we  might  use  the  Le  Chatelier-Newberry  formula  to  obtain  the 
maximum  proportion  of  lime  to  silica  and  alumina,  and  by  systematic 
reductions  and  trial  burns  obtain  cement  of  the  proper  quality.  The 
calculation  of  the  cement  mixture  might  be  illustrated  as  follows,  given 
a  clay  and  limestone  of  the  following  compositions : 


• 

Analyses  assumed  for  calculations. 

Clay. 

Limestone. 

Silica „ 

63.40 

21.50 

5.60 

0.90 

1.20 

Alumina ■ 

0.50 

Ferric  oxide : 

0.30 

Lime 

53.00 

Magnesia 

1.05 

Loss  on  ignition 

7.10 

42.10 

Since  in  the  formula  x  (3  Ca  O.  Si  02)+y  (2  Ca  0.  Al2  Os)  the 
lime-silica  and  the  lime-alumina  ratios  are  2.8 :  1  and  1  :1  respectively, 
it  is  obvious  that  the  silica  of  the  clay  requires  63.4X2.8=177.52  parts 
of  lime  and  21.5X1.1=23.65  parts  of  lime.  This  gives  a  total  of  201,17 
parts  of  lime,  from  which  must  be  deducted  the  per  cent  of  lime  already 
present  in  the  clay  or  0.9  per  cent.  This  results  in  201.17—0.9=200.27 
parts  of  lime  to  be  furnished  by  the  stone. 

Since  the  latter  contains  some  silica  and  alumina  it  is  evident  that 
these  must  have  their  share  of  lime  before  any  of  it  becomes  ■  available 
for  the  clay.  Thus,  from  the  53.0  per  cent  of  lime  there  must  be  de- 
ducted (2.8X1.2)  +'(1. 1X0. 5)=3.91  per  cent.  This  leaves  53.00— 
3.91=49.09  parts  of  Ca  O  available.  With  every  part  of  clay,  therefore, 
must  be  mixed  200.3-^49.1=4.08  parts  of  limestone  or  400  pounds  of 
stone  to  every  100  pounds  of  clay.  This  amount  of  lime,  hence,  is  the 
maximum  under  the  assumption  of  extremely  fine  grinding  and  ideal 
conditions.  It  would  correspond  to  65.96  per  cent  of  Ca  O  in  the  finished 
cement.  If  the  lime  content  of  the  unground  cement  clinker  is  assumed 
to  be  on  the  average  63.0  per  cent,  as  is  frequently  the  case  in  practice, 
it  is  evident  that'  the  Le  Chatelier  formula  might  be  replaced  by  a  simple 
arithmetical  computation. 

This  calculation  is  based  upon  an  average  lime  content  in  Portland 
cement  clinkers  of  63  per  cent.    Applying  it  to  the  above  case  and  com- 


BLEININGER] 


PORTLAND-CEMENT   MANUFACTURE. 


39 


puting  the  lime  in.  terms  of  the  weight  after  ignition,  both  in  the  case 
of  the  clay,  as  well  as  of  the  limestone,  one  wonld  have  the  simple 
equations : 

0.9x      53.0y 

1 =0.63 

92.9      57.9 

x+y  =1 

where  x  =  weight  of  burnt  clay,  and  y  =  weight  of  calcined  limestone. 
On  solving  the  equations  it  is  found  x=0.3151  and  y=0.6849.  On  this 
basis  the  ratio  between  the  clay  and  the  limestone  is  1  :  2.173,  while  for 
the  raw,  unburnt  materials  it  is  100  pounds  of  clay  to  348.7  pounds  of 
stone;  a  ratio  which  differs  considerably  from  the  one  obtained  by  means 
of  the  Le  Chatelier  formula. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  a  great  amount  of  data  is  now  available  con- 
cerning the  composition  of  Portland  cements,  this  method  of  calculation 
is  justifiable  and  practical;  any  changes  involving  a  decrease  or  an  in- 
crease in  the  amount  of  lime  must  be  made  empirically  in  any  case. 
Once  having  established  the  best  proportion  of  a  mixture,  the  daily  mix- 
ture can  be  calculated  from  the  raw  materials  available  by  the  following 
simple  calculation: 

Let  x==weight  of  limestone  in  charge, 
y— weight  of  clay  in  charge. 
a=per  cent  of  calcium  oxide  in  the  limestone. < 
b=per  cent  of  calcium  oxide  in  the  clay. 
c=per  cent  of  calcium  oxide  in  the  mixture. 

ax-f-by  x        a — b 

Then,  C= or  x  (a — c)=y  (c — b)   or  —  = 

x+y  y       a— c 

In  order  to  obtain  an  estimate  as  to  the  average  composition  of  Port- 
land cement,  the  following  analyses,  A  and  B  are  given.  A  is  the  average 
analysis  of  17  American  brands;  B  the  average  composition  of  several 
hundred  samples  of  German  cements : 


Analyses  of  Portland  cement. 

A. 

B. 

Silica 

21.81 
7.35 
3.16 
62.51 
2.26 
1.33 

Notdet 

..do 

20.56 

Alumina 

7.37 

Ferric  oxide -. ■ 

3.24 

Lime 

62.74 

1.63 

Sulphuric  anhydride 

1  .82 

Loss  on  ignition ^ 

2.87 

Insol.  in  H  CI 

1.75 

In  an  extensive  series'  of  tests  the  writer  has  found  the  formula 
x(2.8  CaO)+y(2.0  CaO.  Al2  03)  to  apply  to  a  considerable  number  of 
Clays,  resulting  in  good  clinker  in  practically  every  case. 

Trial  burns  may  be  made  in  a  Fletcher  pot-furnace,  a  small  shaft- 
furnace1  or  a  rotary  kiln  of  laboratory  size  according  to  the  amount  of 
material  to  be  burnt. 


i  Ohio  Geol.  Survey:    Bull.  No.3,  (IV). 


40 


ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES. 


[BULL.   NO.   17 


As  to  the  correction  of  certain  defects  developed  in  the  clinker  and 
the  ground  cement  the  following  tabulation  may  be  of  assistance.  The 
principal  faults  are :  Difficulty  of  vitrification  requiring  too  high  a 
burning  temperature;  too  rapid  or  too  slow  setting;  inconstancy  in 
volume;  tendency  to  dust,  or  to  break  down  to  a  powder  after  burning, 
due  to  the  formation  of  an  unstable  dicalcium  silicate. 

Correction  for  defects  of  clinlcer  and  cement. 


Defect. 

Correction. 

Too  difficult  to  vitrify;  burning  temperature  too 
high. 

Decrease  lime  content  or  grind  finer  or  add  ferric 
oxide  in  the  shape  of  an  ore,  or  add  small  amount 
of  fluorspar  to  raw  cement. 

Too  fusible  and  "sticky."     .. 

Increase  silica  content  of  clay  base  and  total  lime 
content. 

Sets  too  rapidly. 

Increase  silica  content  in  clay  base,  or  add  fluorspar 
to  raw  mixture,  or  add  ferric  oxide  to  raw  mixture, 
or  grind  gypsum  with  clinker.    Store  longer. 

Sets  too  slowly. 

Reduce  silica  content  or  grind  clinker  finer. 

Not  constant  in  volume  (does  not  stand  boiling 
test). 

Store  longer.  Decrease  lime  content  or  increase 
content  of  ferric  oxide,  or  increase  silica  content  in 
clay  base;  grind  raw  mixture  finer;  reduce  sulphur 
content. 

Tendency  to  dust. 

Increase  lime  content;  quench  clinker  in  water  or 
cool  rapidly  in  air;  add  ferric  oxide  to  raw^mix. 

Too  low  in  initial  tensile  strength. 

Increase  lime  content  and  grind  raw  mix  finer,  or 
increase  alumina  somewhat,  or  grind  clinker  finer. 

Too  low  in  final  tensile  strength  or  showing  a  deteri- 
oration in  strength. 

Increase  silica  in  clay  base. 

It  is  found  in  some  districts,  especially  where  loess  clays  are  emplo}7ed 
in  cement  making  that  the  high  silica-alumina  ratio  of  these  materials 
makes  necessary  the  mixture  of  a  silicious  and  more  aluminous  clay. 
This  condition  is  likely  to  arise  in  southern  Illinois.  The  calculation 
necessary  for  this  purpose  is  simple,  and  is  expressed  by  the  equations : 

ai*+a2y 
=r^=3 

x+y    =100 
in  which  ax=per  cent  of  silica  in  first, clay. 

a2=per  cent  of  silica  in  second  clay. 

bx=per  cent  of  alumina  in  first  clay. 

b2=per  cent  of  alumina  in  second  clay. 

x  =parts  of  first  clay. 

y  =parts  of  second  clay. 

r=desired  silica-alumina  ratio=3. 
It  is  evident  that  the  higher  the  one  clay  is  in  alumina,  the  less  of  it 
will  be  necessary  to  make  up  the  desired  mixture. 


ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.   NO.   17,   PLATE   VL 


Gates  rock  crusher. 


BLEININGBR]  PORTLAND-CEMENT   MANUFACTURE.  '     '    •  41 

WINNING  OP  THE  EAW  MATEKIALS. 

In  Illinois  the  principal  materials  available  for  cement  making  are 
the  limestone  and  clays;  and,  hence,  the  dry  process  of  working  is  the 
one  generally  to  be  employed. 

The  stone  is  either  quarried  or,  in  rarer  cases,  mined.  The  latter 
method  would  be  necessary  in  some  districts.  Obviously  quarrying  is 
far  cheaper  than  mining,  involving  not  more  than  one-half  the  cost  of 
the  latter.  In  quarrying  limestone,  power-drills  are  now  usually  em- 
ployed ;  and,  in  use  of  explosives,  the  stone  is  shattered  as  much  as 
possible,  consistent  with  economical  working,  so  as  to  reduce  sledging 
to  a  minimum.  The  cost  of  quarrying  varies  widely  in  different  localities, 
but  20  cents  per  ton  is  probably  not  far  from  the  average. 

The  shales  and  clays  are  worked  either  by  means  of  the  steam  shovel, 
or  they  are  quarried,  or  in  the  case  of  surface  clays  they  may  be  gathered 
by  plows* and  scrapers.  The  use  of  the  steam  shovel  with  a  bucket 
capacity  of  about  one  cubic  yard  offers  the  cheapest  means  of  winning 
clays. or  shales,  and  shows  a  capacity  of  from  400  to  800  cubic  yards  in 
ten  hours.  The  cost  of  getting  clays  in  this  way  varies  from  5  to  12 
cents  per  cubic  yard.  The  quarrying  of  shales  with  judicious  use'  of  blast- 
ing powder  and  proper  undercutting  shows  a  cost  of  about  25  cents  per 
cubic  yard.  The  plow-and-scraper  method  is  suitable  for  shorter 
distances,  and  in  connection  with  the  wheel  scraper  for  distances  as  great 
as  500  feet.  By  the  use  of  a  dumping  platform,  which  permits  dumping 
of  the  scraper  into  cars  or  wagons,  greater  areas  may  be  covered.  The 
cost  approximates  20  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

According  to  the  distance  of  the  quarry  from  the  mill,  and  the  topo- 
graphy of  the  country,  tramways  driven  by  cable,  electric  or  steam 
locomotives,  or  aerial  cable  ways  are  used  for  the  transportation  of  the 
materials  to  the  plant, 


GRINDING  THE  EAW  MATERIALS. 
Introduction. 

After  arrival  at  the  mill  of  the  materials  it  is  the  task  of  the  cement 
manufacturer  to  grind  them  together,  to  burn  them  to  vitrification,  and 
again  to  reduce  the  resulting  clinker  to  the  required  fineness. 

The  mixing  of  the  constituents  in  most  dry-mills  is  done  as  follows : 
The  rock  is  brought  to  the  mill  in  cars  and  is  dumped  into  large  heaps. 
The  clay  material  is  likewise  dumped  and  stored  ki  piles.  Samples  for 
analysis  are  taken  from  the  piles  of  stone  and  of  clay.  It  is  evident  that 
under  these  conditions  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  average  samples  of  either 
material,  and  hence  it  frequently  happens  that  an  analysis  made  from 
the  sample  collected  comes  far  from  representing  the  average  composi- 
tion. The  only  solution  of  this  problem  is  to  obtain  very  large  samples 
and  to  reduce  them  by  means  of  special  sampling  machinery. 

After. the  analyses  of  the  two  materials  are  obtained,  the  rock  and 
the  clay  are  loaded  on  buggies  and  the  proper  calculated  charge  of  each 


42  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

weighed  out.  The  materials  are  then  dumped  into  the  crusher.  Some- 
times the  samples  for  analysis  are  obtained  at  the  quarry,  and,  in  this 
case,  the  car-loads  are  weighed  as  they  come  from  the  quarry. 

By  far  the  most  satisfactory  method  of  mixing  would  be  the  following 
procedure :  Both  the  rock  and  the  clay  should  be  passed  separately 
through  the  coarse  and  intermediate  grinding  machines  and  reduced' 
to  a  size  smaller  than  that  corresponding  to  the  10-mesh  screen  as  de- 
livered from  the  ball  mill  or  similar  machines.  '  This  size  then  should  be 
stored  in  bins  not  larger,  than  necessary  to  hold  a  half -day's  run.  By 
having  a  sufficient  number  of  such  bins  it  would  be  possible  to  sample 
these  thoroughly  and,  hence,  to  control  the  composition  of  the  mixture 
with  accuracy  and  certainty.  Since  in  dry  mills  there  is  usually  no 
possibility  of  correcting  any  over-limed  or  over-clayed  charge  after  it  is 
on  its  way  to  the  kilns,  it  is  exceedingly  important  to  secure  the  greatest 
possible  accuracy  in  proportioning  the  mix. 

The  grinding  of  the  raw  materials  may  be  considered  to  take  place  in 
three  stages,  coarse,  intermediate,  and  fine.  The  machines  commonly 
employed  in  the  cement  industry  for  these  purposes  may  be  described 
as  follows: 

Coarse- Grinding  Machines. 

The  machines  which  take  the  stone  and  the  clay  as  they  come  from  the 
quarry,  and  reduce  the  mixture  to  something  less  than  inch-size  are 
represented  by  two  types: 

Gates  crusher. 
Blake  crusher. 

The  first  machine  (PI.  VI)  is  the  one  most  generally  used,  and  its 
crushing  action  depends  upon  gyrating,  vertical  spindle,  the  upper  part 
of  which  has  the  shape  of  a  truncated  cone.  The  latter  rotates  within  a 
conical  space  representing  an  inverted  cone.  The  crushing  is  continuous 
between  the  crushing  surfaces,  and  the  spindle  follows  an  eccentric. 
This  causes  the  head  to  approach  and  recede  from  the  concave .  grinding 
surface  of  the  shell  surrounding  the  cone.  The  movement  at  the  bottom 
of  the-  truncated  cone  is  greater  than  at  the  top.  The  fineness  of  the 
output  can  be  regulated  by  adjusting  the  width  of  the  throat.  The  cost 
of  crushing  is  approximately  2%  cents  per  ton. 

The  Blake  jaw  crusher,  is  the  well  known  type  employed  in  crushing 
road  metal,  and  its  action  is  intermittent.  Its  capacity  per  horsepower 
per  hour'  is  less  than  that  of  the  spindle  crusher,  and  it  has  not  found 
general  application  in  the  cement  industry. 

Eoll  crushers  are  used  in  at  least  one  instance  for  rough  grinding, 
but  the  principle  does  not  seem  to  find  favor  in  the  industry. 

For  the  purpose  of  facilitating  grinding,  especially  of  the  clay,  it  is 
necessary  in  many  cases  to  dry  either  the  clay  component  or  both  the 
latter  and  the  lime  material.  The  rotary  dryer  seems  to  be  the  accepted 
form.  The  materials  to  be  dried  after  preliminary  crushing  are  intro- 
duced at  the  upper,  cool  end  of  the  drying  tubes,  and  discharged  at  the 
lower.  One  type  of  dryer  consists  of  a  plain,  straight  tube,  through  which 
the  gases  pass  in  the  opposite  direction  to  the  material,  and  are' drawn 


BLEININGER]         -  PORTLAND-CEMENT    MANUFACTURE.'         .  43 

off  while  still  at  a  fairly  high  temperature.  In  another  type,  a  central 
fTue  is  arranged  through  which  the  hot  gases  pass  from  the  furnace  and 
are  returned  through  the  space  between  the  outside  shell  and  the  flue. 
In  this  case  the  material  is  fed  through  the  front  head  into  the  space 
between  the  two  shells,  is  picked  up  by  lifting  buckets,  and  dropped  on 
the  inner  shell.  By  the  revolution  of  the  machine,  it  is  dropped  again  to 
the  outer  shell  to  repeat  the  operation  until  the  inclination  of  the 
machine  brings  it  to  the  rear  end,  where  it  is  elevated  and  discharged 
through  the  center  of  the  rear  head.  See  Plate  VII.  According  to  the 
nature  and  moisture  content  of  the  material  to  be  dried  the  capacity  of 
a  rotary  dryer  may  vary  from  10  to  35  tons  per  hour. 

Intermediate-Grinding  Machines. 

There  is  more  diversity  in  machinery  designed  to  reduce  the  material 
coming  from  the  crusher,  to  a  size  passing  the  16-mesh  screen.  There 
are  also  in  this  class  some  machines  which  combine  both  the  intermediate 
and  fine-grinding  function.  This  feature  is  not  to  be  recommended  and 
does  not  represent  American  practice.  The  highest  efficiency  is  obtained 
by  employing  one  machine  for  one  grade  of  work.  The  following  types 
are  used  in  American  practice : 

Ball  mill, 

Disintegrator, 

Kent  mill, 

Rolls, 

Dry-pan. 

THE  BALL  MILL. 

Probably  the  ball  mill  is  most  widely  used  for  the  intermediate  grind- 
ing of  the  raw  mixture.  Plate  VIII  illustrates  this  type  of  machine.  In 
its  simplest  form  it  consists  of  a  cylinder  revolving  around  its  horizontal 
axis  with  grid  plates  around  the  circumference.  The  grinding  is  done 
by  steel  balls.  The  grinding  surface  is  composed  of  perforated,  chilled- 
iron  plates  arranged  so  that  each  laps  the  next.  Steps  are  formed  in 
this  manner  and  the  balls  drop  from  one  to  the  other.  The  grinding 
space  is  surrounded  by  two  screens  through  which .  the  finer  material 
passes  while  the  coarse  particles  are  returned  to  the  mill.  The  material 
to  be  ground  is  charged  through  openings  in  the  hub:  The  power  re- 
quired is  from  30  to  40  H.  P.,  and  the  capacity  varies  according  to  the 
hardness  of  the  materials  from  4  to  6  tons  per  hour. 

The  kominuter  has  twice  the  length  of  a  ball  mill  and  about  the  same 
diameter,  and  its  capacity  is  supposed  to  be  twice  as  great. 

The  prominent  advantage  of  the  ball  mill  type  of  machine  is  the 
fact  that  it  produces  thorough  mixing  and  blending  as  well  as  grinding. 

DISINTEGRATOR. 

The  disintegrator  is  a  true  impact  crusher,  and  its  best  developed  type 
is  probably  the  hinged-hammer  disintegrator.  The  crushing  is  done 
by  the  blows  imparted  by  a  series  of  hammers  revolving  at  a  high  speed 


44  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

around  a  horizontal  axis.  This  is  quite  an  efficient  machine  for  raw- 
grinding;  and  when  equipped  with  water-cooled  journals  it  can  work 
the  hot  material  issuing  from  a  rotary  dryer.  Eckel1  reports  that  in  one 
mill  three  Williams  disintegrators  handled  sufficient  raw  mix  for  a 
capacity  of  1,000  barrels  per  day — 75  per  cent  of  the  ground  limestone 
and  shale  passing  the  20-mesh  sieve.  The  power  required  was  18  H.  P. 
for  each  mill.  In  another  case  this  machine  was  known  to  grind  137 
tons  of  hard  stone  and  shale  in  11  hours — 84  per  cent  of  the  mixture 
passing  the  20-mesh  sieve.    The  machine  required  75  H.  P. 

KENT  MILL. 

The  Kent  mill  consists  principally  of  a  revolving  ring  and  three  rolls 
pressing  against  its  inner  face.  The  rolls  are  convex  and  the  ring  is 
concave,  and  tracks  on  the  rolls.  Springs  support  the  rolls  yieldingly 
and  the  rolls  support  the  ring  so  that  the  four  crushing  parts  are  free 
to  move.  The  material  falls  from  the  inlets  to  the  inner  face  of  the 
ring.  Centrifugal  force  holds  it  there  in  a  layer  an  inch  deep.  It  re- 
volves into  the  ring  and  passes  under  the  rolls.  The  latter  are  pressed 
by  the  springs  outward  against  the  stone  on  the  mill  with  a  pressure 
adjustable  to  20,000  pounds.  As  the  rolls  pass  over  the  rock  they  crush 
it  against  the  ring  while  the  crushed  material  plows  off  each  side  of  the 
ring  into  the  casing  and  is  discharged. 

In  late  models  of  this  machine  considerable  change  has  been  made, 
which  also  results  in  a  greater  output  (PI.  IX).  The  capacity  of  the 
Kent  mill  for  the  intermediate  grinding  of  limestone  is  said  to  be  close 
to  6  tons  per  hour  with 'a  consumption  of  about  25  H.  P. 

ROLLS. 

The  only  American  plant  using  roll  crushers  for  intermediate  grinding 
is  that  of  the  Edison  Company,  at  New  Village,  1ST.  J.  The  rolls  used 
here  are  36  inches  in  diameter  with  30-inch  face,  and  run  90  revolutions 
per  minute.  The  material  makes  two  passages  through  a  set  of  three 
rolls.  There  is  no  doubt  that  rolls  are  the  most  efficient  type  of  machine 
from  the  mechanical  standpoint, 

DRY-PAN. 

The  dry-pan  or  edge-runner  consists  of  a  revolving  pan,  usually  9 
feet  in  diameter,  upon  which  run  two  heavy  mullers.  A  space  about  12 
inches  wide  around  the  circumference  is  filled  with  perforated  plates. 
The  grinding  is  done  on  the  solid  plate  and  the  crushed  material  is 
scraped  on  to  the  perforated  plates  by  fixed  scrapers.  The  machine  is 
well  suited  for  grinding  shales,  but  is  less  efficient  with  hard  limestone 
or  soft  clays.  A  9-foot  pan  may  show  a  capacity  as  high  as  10  tons  per 
hour,  and  it  consumes  from  30  to  40  H.  P. 


i  Cements,  limes,  and  plasters,  p.  4G7. 


ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.    NO.    17,    PLATE    IX. 


Kent  mill,  Maxecon  type. 


1  J" 

3leiningbr]  portland-cement  manufacture.  *° 

Fine-grinding  Machines. 

There  are  two  principal  types  of  fine-grinding  machines : 
.  The  tube  mill. . 
Centrifugal  grinders. 

TUBE  MILL. 

The  tube  mill  (PL  X)  consists  essentially  of  an  iron  shell  from  16 
to  22  feet  long  and  from  4  to  5  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  lined  with  some 
hard  material  like  flint  and  is  filled  somewhat  above  the  axis  with  hint 
pebbles  which  weigh  about  one  to  three  pounds  each..  This  tube  is  sup- 
ported by  two  heavy  hollow  shafts,  through  which  the  material  enters  at 
one  end  and  discharges  at  the  other.  A  screw  feeds  the  material  into 
the  hollow  shaft.  At  the  exit  end  a  screen  prevents  any  pebbles  trom 
being  carried  out.  The  pebbles  are  charged  through  a  manhole.  As  the 
tube  rotates  the  pebbles  are  carried  up  the  sides  to  a  certain  height, 
whence  they  drop  back  to  the  bottom,  describing  a  curvilinear  path,  lne 
pulverization  takes  place  principally  by  the  impact  of  the  falling  mass 
of  pebbles,  the  action  being  similar  to  that  of  a  stamp-mill.  1  he 
material  to  be  ground  assumes  the  same  motion  as  the  pebbles  and  distri- 
butes itself  within  the  spaces.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  mill  is  inclined 
slio-htly  towards  the  discharge  end,  the  mass  constantly  moves  forward, 
though  it  has  been  stated  that  this  inclination  is  not  necessary. 

The  grinding  effect  depends  on  the  vertical  distance  of  the  drop,  the 
velocity  of  the  drum,  and  the  weight  and  number  of  the  pebbles.  Fischer 
calculates  the  most  favorable  speed  of  the  tube  mill  from  the  relation: 

23  to  28 

N== 

V  Diameter 
where  N=number  of  revolutions  per  minute  and  the  diameter  is  ex- 
pressed in  meters. 

Mellor2  proposes  the  theoretical  calculation: 

Z1  •     . 

N=58.34  y  —  revolutions  per  minute, 

d 

in  which  d=  internal  diameter,  in  feet,  less  the  average  diameter  of  the 

pebbles.     The  latter  writer  differentiates  between  dry  and  wet  grinding, 

and  suggests  for  dry  operation : 

A 
N=62.1   y  —  revolutions  per  minute. 

d 

For  wet  grinding  he  proposes :  

/l 
N=43.3  y— 
d 
With  reference  to  the  work  actually  performed  in  grinding,  Eittinger 
says  that  it,  is  proportional  to  the  product  of  the  weight  of  material 


i  Zeit.  Ver.  Deut.  Ing.,  48, 1905,  p.  437. 
2  Trans.  English  Ceramic  Soc,  1910,  p.  50. 


46  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

ground  in  unit  time  and  the  difference  in  the  surface  factors  before  and 
after  grinding.  The  charge  of  pebbles  according  to  James1  should  be 
for  dry  grinding: 

W=44  V. 
where  W=weight  of  pebbles  and  V=volume  of  tube  mill,  in  cubic  feet. 

The  capacity  of  this  machine  varies,  according  to  the  kind  of  material 
to  be  ground,  and  frequently  a  22x5-foot  tube  mill  shows  a  capacity  of 
six  tons  of  raw  stock  per  hour.  The  power  consumed  is  from  70  to  75 
horsepower,  though  momentarily  about  120  horsepower  may  be  necessary 
to  start  the  mill.  The  average  power  consumption  of  5  tube  mills, 
22x5  feet,  was  found  to  be  in  one  case  333  horsepower,  or  about  67 
horsepower  per  mill. 

The  tube  mill  is  probably  the  most  generally  used  machine  for  the 
fine  grinding  of  the  raw  stock.  This  is  due  to  its  simplicity  of  con- 
struction and  to  its  thorough  blending  and  mixing  of  the  raw  mate- 
rials. The  slower  the  feed  the  finer  will  be  the  grinding,  though  it  is 
extremely  important  that  the  charging  be  done  as  uniformly  as  possible. 
As  far  as  the  quality  of  the  work  is  concerned,  it  is  doubtful  whether 
any  other  machine  can  accomplish  just  the  kind  of  task  performed  by 
the  tube  mill,  although  its  power  consumption  for  the  same  reduction 
is  probably  greater  than  that  of  some  other  types.  The  averaging, 
intimate  mixing,  and  fine  grinding  make  this  mill  the  safest  for  this 
important  part  of  the  work. 

The  importance  of  fine  grinding  of  raw  materials  can  hardly  be  empha- 
sized too  strongly,  and  it  is  evident  that  the  success  of  the  entire  process 
hinges  upon  it.  From  the  factory  standpoint  it  is,  therefore,  exceedingly 
important  to  determine  whether  the  grinding  has  been  done  sufficiently 
fine. so  that  no  trouble  may  arise  from  "hot"  cement,  inconstancy  in 
volume ;  and  so  that  the  burning  temperature  need  not  be  too  high.  This 
may  be  done  quite  readily  by  obtaining  a  tube-mill-  sample,  heating  a 
weighed  amount  of  it  to  white  heat  over  a  blast  lamp,  and  treating  the 
cooled  material  with  strong  boiling  hydrochloric  acid  solution,  after 
which  the  residue  is  filtered  and  washed.  This  is  then  treated  repeatedly 
with  hot  sodium  carbonate  solution,  followed  by  washing  with  dilute 
acid  and  finally  with  water. 

If  the  grinding  has  been  carried  far  enough  there  should  be  practically 
no  residue  left.  The  presence  of  insoluble  material  indicates  the  neces- 
sity of  finer  grinding.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  quite  possible  that  in 
some  cases  the  grinding  is  carried  further .  than  necessary,  which  is 
equivalent  to  a  waste  -of  power.  In  this  case,  of  course,  the  rate  of 
feeding  may  be  increased. 

CENTRIFUGAL   GRINDING   MACHINES. 

The  most  prominent  members  of  the  centrifugal  type,  in  which  the 
grinding  is  done  principally  by  impact  and  percussion,  are  the  Griffin 
mill — both  the  one-  and  the  three-roll  type ;  the  Huntington  ;  the  Fuller- 
Lehigh  ;  and  the  Raymond  mill. 


Eng.  Min.  Jour.,  79,  p.  511. 


ILLINOIS   STATE   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.  NO.   17,  PLATE  XI. 


Griffin  mill. 


BLEININGER]  PORTLAND-CEMENT    MANUFACTURE.  47 

In  the  Griffin  mill  (PL  XI),  the  grinding  is  accomplished  by  means 
of  a  roll  secured  to  the  lower  extremity  of  a  shaft  which  is  free  to  swing 
in  any  direction  within  a  casing.  The  latter  consists  of  the  base  or 
pan  containing  the  ring  or  die  against  which  the  roll  works,  and  upon 
the  inner  surface  of  which  the  pulverizing  is  done.  In  dry  pulverizing 
the  pan  has  a  number  of  downward  openings  outside  of  the  ring,  which 
lead  into  a  receptacle  from  which  the  material  is  taken  by  a  conveyor. 
Upon  this  base  a  screen  is  secured  which  is  surrounded  with  a  sheet-iron 
cover.  To  the  top  of  this  is  fastened  a  conical  shield  with  open  apex 
through  which  the  shaft  works.  A  fan  is  located  just  above  the  roll, 
and  shoes  or  plows  just  below  it.  In  starting  the  mill,  the  roll  assumes 
its  vertical  position  and  must  be  pushed  out  of  center  in  order  that 
centrifugal  force  may  come  into  play.  Thus,  the  roll  is  forced  against 
the  ring  and  is  rotated  within  the  die  in  the  same  direction  that  the 
shaft  is  driven,  but  in  contact  with  the  die  it  travels  in  the  opposite 
direction  from  which  the  roll  is  revolving  with  the  shaft,  thus  giving 
the  mill  two  direct  actions  on  the  material  to  be  ground. 

The  material  to  be  ground  when  fed  into  the  mill  is  stirred  up  by 
the  shoes  and  thrown  against  the  ring  so  that  it  is  crushed  by  the  roll. 
The  fan  attached  to  the  shaft  above  the  roll  draws  in  air  at  the  top  of 
the  cone,  and  forces  it  through  the  screens  into  the  discharge.  A  16- 
mesh  screen  delivers  a  product  of  which  over  90  per  cent  will  pass  the 
60-mesh  screen. 

The  mill  makes  200  revolutions  per  minute,  and  requires  approxi- 
mately 25  horsepower  to  produce  5,000  pounds  of  finely  ground  stock. 

The  Griffin  mill  differs  from  the  tube  mill  in  that  it  possesses  a  ten- 
dency to  segregate  constituents  of  different  specific  gravities  or  size  of 
gram.  Hence,  it  does  not  possess  the  blending  effect  of  the  ball-grinding 
machines,  and  for  this  reason  does  not  seem  to  be  so  well  suited  for  the 
best  preparation  of  the  raw  mixture.  While  the  mechanical  efficiency 
of  the  machine  is  good  its  repair  costs,  calculated  to  a  comparative  basis 
are  said  to  be  higher  than  those  of  the  tube  mill.  . 

The  three-roll  Griffin  mill  with  40  horsepower  is  said  to  grind,  per 
hour,  about  five  tons  of  limestone  mixture   so  fine  that  96   per 'cent 
passes   through   a   100-mesh   screen.1      According   to   these   figures   the 
improved  mill  would  have  a  decided  advantage  over  the  one-roll  Griffin 
especially  as  the  repair  costs  are  supposed  to  be  lower. 

The  Huntington  mill  is  similar  in  construction  to  the  Griffin  mill 
but  it  has  not  found  any  extensive  use  in  the  cement  industry. 

The  Fuller-Lehigh  mill  (PI.  XII)  depends  for  its  grinding  action  upon 
four  12-mch  steel  balls  following  a  circular  groove  in  which  the  pulveriza- 
tion takes  place.  It  is  claimed  for  this  machine  that  it  produces  a  greater 
amount^  of  impalpable  powder  than  other  apparatus.  Its  capacity  per 
hour  with  a  consumption  of  35  horsepower  is  about  five  tons  of  raw 
mix,  passing  the  100-mesh  sieve.  The  Fuller-Lehigh  mill  is  finding 
extensive  application  in  the  cement  industry  at  present,  and  two  Illinois 
cement  plants  have  these  machines  as  part  of  the  grinding  equipment. 

1  Meade,  R.  K.,  Portland  Cement.'p.  91  • 


48  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

In  the  Eaymond  mill  the  grinding  is  accomplished  by  rollers  thrown 
against  a  steel  ring  by  centrifugal  force,  in  a  manner  somewhat  similar 
to  that  of  the  Griffin  mill.  A  plow  is  located  ahead  of  each  roller  and 
constantly  throws  a  stream  of  material  between  the  roller  and  the  ring. 
This  is  especially  adapted  to  work  with  air  separation,  in  which  case  the 
air  enters  the  mill  through  a  series  of  tangential  openings  around  the 
pulverizing  chamber.  That  portion  of  the  material  which  is  reduced 
to  the  required  fineness  is  carried  up  by  the  air  current  to  the  receiving 
receptacle.  The  material  not  ground  sufficiently  fine  by  the  first  roller 
is  carried  between  the  succeeding  roller  and  the  die  to  be  ground  again. 
The  Eaymond  mill  is  illustrated  in  Plate  XIII ;  its  combination  with 
the  air  separator,  in  Plate  XIV. 

The  writer  some  years  ago  looked  into  the  question  of  fine  raw-grinding 
and  made  mechanical  analyses  of  the  product  delivered  by  various  mills. 
'The  results  of  this  work1  are  compiled  in  the  following  table: 


Ohio  Geological  Survey,  Bull.  No. 


ILLINOIS   STATE  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 


BULL.    NO.   17,   PLATE   XII. 


Fuller-Lehigh  mill. 


ILLINOIS   STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.  NO.  17,  PLATE  XIII 


Raymond  mill. 


BLEININGER] 


PORTLAND-CEMENT   MANUFACTURE. 


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50  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

From  these  results  it  is  apparent  tKat  the  larger  part  of  the  ground 
material  passes  the  200-mesh  sieve,  and  under  the  best  conditions  almost 
90  per  cent  corresponds  to  this  fineness.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that 
the  most  important  part  of  the  mixture  is  that  which  is  considerably 
finer  than  the  size  corresponding  to  the  200-mesh. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  reduction  of  the  clay  to  a  fineness  which 
permits  of  complete  reaction  with  the  lime  is  frequently  the  greatest 
difficulty,  it  might  be  advisable  with  some  clays  to  grind  them  to  the 
desired  fineness  before  blending  them  with  the  limestone.  This  applies 
especially  where  a  plant  is  compelled  to  use  a  glacial  or  loess  clay.  The 
cost  of  the  raw-grinding  is  thus  necessarily  increased,  but  it  would  not 
be  as  great  as  where  both  the  stone  and  clay  are  to  be  ground  until  the 
latter  has  attained  the  requisite'  fineness.  In  such  cases,  which  might 
easily  arise  in  certain  Illinois  districts,  the  clay  would  be  dried  in  a 
rotary  dryer,  put  through  a  Williams  mill  or  a  dry-pan,  according  to 
whether  gravel  or  coarse  material  is  present,  and  finally  through  a 
Fuller  mill.  The  finely  ground  clay  could  then  be  weighed  out  with  the 
requisite  amount  of  limestone  which  had  passed  through  an  intermediate 
grinding  machine,  after  which  the  mixture  should  be  reduced  in  a 
tube  mill. 


BURNING  THE  MIXTURE. 

The  ground  material  is  stored  in  bins  at  every  stage  of  the  process 
so  that  the  individual  mills  are  to  some  extent  independent  of  the  pre- 
ceding machine.  Finally  the  mixture  arrives  at  the  storage  bins  ahead 
of  the  kilns  and  is  fed  to  the  latter  in  a  steady  flow  by  means  of  a 
screw  conveyor. 

The  rotary  kiln  (PI.  XV)  universally  employed  in  the  cement  indus- 
try is  a  huge  steel  tube,  lined  on  the  inside  with  fire  brick,  usually  from 
90  to  125  feet  in  length,  and  from  7  to  9  feet  in  diameter. 

The  rotary  kiln  cylinder  is  provided  with  two  flanges  about  5  inches 
wide  .which  are  supported  upon  two  pairs  of.  heavy  cast-steel  rollers. 
The  kiln  is  rotated  by  means  of  a  girth  gear  of  cast  iron  or  steel,  pro- 
vided with  expansion  leaves.  At  the  lower  end  a  heavily  bricked  head 
is  supported  by  four  cast-iron  wheels  which  permit  it  to  be  moved  away 
from  the  kiln.  The  upper  end  of  the  kiln  connects  with  a  short,  brick 
stack  which  is  surmounted  by  a  steel  stack  about  60  feet  high.  The 
feeding  device  consists  of  a  water- jacketed,  screw  conveyor  through  the 
stack.  The  kiln  usually  is  given  an  inclination  of  3  in  60  feet,  and  is 
rotated  at  the  rate  of  one  revolution  per  minute.  At  the  lower  end 
of  the  kiln,  powdered  coal  is  blown  through  a  single  blast  pipe.  The 
coal  dust  is  usually  located  in  a  large  bin  in  front  of  the  kiln,  and  is 
carried  to  the  blast  pipe  by  a  screw .  conveyor.  The  air  pressure  is  pro- 
duced by  a  fan,  though  the  air  supplied  from  this  source  represents 
but  part  of  the  volume  necessary  for  combustion,  and  a  large  part  is 
admitted  through  the  openings  in  the  head  and  at  the  clinker  discharge. 
There  is  a  tendency  with  the, long  kilns  now  in  use  to  employ  a  higher 


ILLINOIS   STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


BULL.   NO.   17,   PLATE  XIV. 


Raymond  mill  with  air  separators. 


BLEININGER]  PORTLAND-CEMENT    MANUFACTURE.  .  51 

pressure  for  the  injection  of  the  coal  so  as  to  extend  the  high  tempera- 
ture zone  of  the  kiln,  and  hence  to  increase  the  capacity.  In  this  case, 
of  course,  the  volume  of  air  introduced  with  the  powdered  coal  becomes 
still  smaller,  and  combustion  must  depend  principally  upon  air  drawn 
in  through  the  head.  However,  pressure  draft  is  bv  no  means  necessary 
for  the  burning  of  the  cement.  Provided  a  sufficiently  high  stack  is 
used,  the  natural  draft  produced  by  the  elevated  temperature  of  the  exit 
gases  is  sufficient  to  carry  on  the  combustion  of  the  fuel.  While  usually  the 
rotary  kiln  is  of  uniform  diameter  throughout,  some  have  proposed  to 
reduce  the  diameter  at  the  cool  end,  so  as  to  increase  the  velocity  of  the 
charge,  and  at  the  same  time  to  widen  the  kiln  at  the  lower  end  in  order 
to  retard  the  flow  of  the  hot  gases  in  the  vitrification  zone.  This  idea 
seems  to  have  found  favor  in  a  number  of  European  cement  mills,  and 
it  is  claimed  that  in  this  way  the  fire-brick  lining  is  subjected  to  less 
severe  treatment  and  shows  much  greater  durability. 

The  fuel  feed  may  be  regulated  by  means  of  a  speed  controller  or  by 
ordinary  stepped  pulleys.  It  is  evident  that  most  of  the  coal  ash  remains 
in  the  kiln  and  adheres  to  the  clinker,  though  part  of  it  is  carried  out 
through  the  stack.  It  is  hence  desirable  that  the  content  of  ash  in  the 
coal  be  as  low  as  possible,  although  its  deleterious  effects  have  been 
greatly 'exaggerated.  Likewise  the  composition  of  the  coal  with  regard 
to  the  content  of  volatile  combustible  matter  and  fixed  carbon  need  not 
be  confined  to  such  narrow  limits  as  was  formerly  supposed.  If  the  coal 
is  ground  fine,  such  grades  of  Illinois  coal  as  Springfield  screenings  and 
similar  fuels,  averaging  about  15  per  cent  of  ash,  may  be  used  without 
difficulty. 

The  best  preparation  of  the  coal  includes  first  putting  it  through  an 
intermediate  grinder  like  the  Williams  mill  or  ball  mill,  and  then  con- 
veying it  to  a  rotary  dryer,  so  adapted  to  this  purpose  that  the  hot 
combustion  gases  do  not  pass  through  the  space  filled  with  the  coal. 
Such  a  cfryer  may  consist  of  two  concentric  cylinders,  so  arranged  that 
the  hot  gases  pass  through  the  inner  cylinder  and  return  through  the 
space  between  the  two  shell's.  The  coal  is  fed  between  the  shells,  thus 
being  heated  by  the  hot  inner  flue  and  by  the  products  of  combustion  on 
their  return.  In  another  type,  the  coal  passes  through  a  rotating  cylin- 
der encased  in  brick  work,  and  the  heat  is  applied  to  the  outside  of  the 
shell. 

From  the  dryer  the  coal  goes  to  a  fine  grinder  which  is  either  a  machine 
of  the  centrifugal  type  or  a  tube  mill.  The  former  kind  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred for  this  work. 

In  some  cases  the, coal,  nut  size,  goes  direct  from  the  car  to  the  dryer 
and  thence  to  a  bin  which  feeds  to  a  so-called  aeropulverizer.  This 
consists  of  a  three-stage  disintegrator  which  creates  enough  air  current 
to  carry  the  finer  coal  particles  to  the  kiln.  By  means  of  a  settling 
chamber  the  coarser  particles  are  returned  to  the  mill  for  regrinding. 
It  is  somewhat  doubtful  whether  this  preparation  is  sufficient  for  low 
grade,  coals,  although  it  has  certainly  the  merit  of  simplicity  and  cheap- 
ness of  operation. 


52  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

The  theoretical  fuel  consumption  in  the  burning  of  Portland  cement 
has  been  estimated  by  Meade  to  be  about  30  pounds  of  good  coal 
per  barrel,  but  this  figure  is  greatly  exceeded  in  practice,  even  in  the 
modern  long  kilns.  Thus,  a  coal  consumption  of  about  90  to  100 
pounds  per  barrel  is  common.  According  to  the  clinkering  temperature, 
the  fineness  of  grinding,  etc.,  the  average  capacity  of  a  100-  to  120-foot 
kiln  may  vary  from  450  to  600  barrels  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours. 
The  writer  has  known  this  capacity  to  be  greatly  exceeded  under  favor- 
able conditions. 

P.  C.  Van  Zandt1  estimates  the  heat  distribution  of  a  long  kiln  to  be 
as  follows: 

Heat  analysis  of  coal  used  in  burning  one  barrel  of  Portland  cement.     Total 

heat. 

100  lbs.  coal  used  to  burn  one  barrel  (at  13,400  B.T.U.  per  lb.)  1,340,000  B.T.U. 

Heat  used  in  combustion.    . 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Heat  consumed  by  products' of  combustion,  398,600  B.T.U.  .  .' ..  . .    29.70 

Heat  consumed  by  50%  excess  air  in  kiln,  201,400  B.T.U 15.30 

Total ! . .    45.00 

Heat  used  in  burning  cement. 

12  lbs.  water  evaporated  .and  heated  to  1,500°  P.,  20,832  B.T.U 

600  lbs.  mix  heated  to  approximately  1,000°  F.,  112,800  B.T.U.   .. 

450  lbs.  limestone  decomposed  and  C02  driven  off,  344,250  B.T.U 

204  lbs.  gases  (liberated  from  mix)  heated  to  1,500°  F.,  24,480  B.T.U. 

384  lbs.  mix  heated  to  approximately  2,500°  F.,  115,200  B.T.U 

6  lbs.  sulphur  anhydride  liberated  at  1,900°  F.,  11,340  B.T.U., 

Unaccounted  for  (assumed  lost  in  radiation)  111,098  B.T.U 


1.56 

8.40 

25.60 

1.83 

8.60 

.85 

8.16 

Total    . \  . . .    55.00 

Heat  lost  (Available  for  recovery). 

Per  cent. 

Going  up  stack  (figuring* gases  at  1,500°  F.)    49.90 

Going  out  with  clinker  (2,500°  F.  down  to  60°  F.)   14.19 

Radiation  from  shell   (by  subtraction)    .• 8.16 


Total 72.25 

This  gives  an  approximate  total  thermal  efficiency  of 27.75 

The  55  per  cent  of  the  total  heat  in  one  hundred  pounds  of  coal  used  in 
burning  a  barrel  of  cement  may  be  analyzed  as  follows,  showing  where  the 
heat  goes  that  is  actually  used  in  burning  the  cement  and  not  used  in  heating 
the  products  of  combustion  themselves: 

Per  cent 
(Approx.) 

Driving  off  moisture 2.35 

Driving  off  CO,   (and  S03)    46.58 

Heating  gases  driven  off   8.92 

Heating    mix 27.35 

Radiation  of  heat 1 4.80 


Total 100.00 


Eng.  News,  00,  p.  702. 


ILLINOIS    STATE    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 


BULL.    NO.    17,    PLATE   XV. 


I     - 


Rotary  kiln  installation. 


BLEININGER]  PORTLAND- CEMENT   MANUFACTURE.  53 

In  this  approximation  the  heat  lost  by  radiation  seems  to  have  been 
under-estimated. 

There  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  be  possible  to  employ  mechanical 
stokers  for  the  burning  of  cement  in  rotary  kilns,  and  the  necessity  of 
using  low-grade  fuel  will  undoubtedly  bring  about  developments  along 
this  line.  At  the  Pittsburgh  plant  of  the  Technologic  Branch,  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  tests  were  conducted  with  a  mechanical  stoker  using 
low-grade  slack  and  passing  the  gases  through  a  long  combustion  cham- 
ber, which  clearly  showed  the  possibility  of  maintaining  high  tempera- 
ture for  long  periods  without  harmful  fluctuations  in  temperature.  It 
is  evident  that  such  installations  would  not  only  do  away  with  the  cost 
of  coal  grinding  but  would  make  possible  the  use  of  coals  so  high  in 
ash  that  they  could  not  be  considered  at  all  for  cement  burning  under 
the  present  process. 


CLINKER  GRINDING. 

The  red-hot  clinker  as  it  is  discharged  from  the  kiln  usually  drops 
into  a  link-chain  pan-conveyor  by  .which  it  is  elevated  and  carried  to  a 
cooler  or  to  a  clinker  pile.  In  most  cases,  however,  no  attempt  is  made 
to  use  the  heat  of  the  cooling  clinker,  which  retains  about  15  per  cent 
of  the  heat  consumed  in  burning.  This  is  especially  true  where  coal  is 
cheap,  since  considerable  additional  capital  is  involved  in  the  construc- 
tion and  operation  of  the  coolers. 

However,  there  are  several  systems  of  recuperators.  One  consists  of 
revolving  cylinders  arranged  beneath  the  kilns  to  receive  the  clinker 
as  it  leaves  the  kiln — the  connection  between  the  kiln  and  the  cooler 
being  as  air-tight  as  possible.  The  air  passes  over  the  hot  clinker  into 
the  kiln,  thus  being  pre-heated.  One  cooler  may  serve  two  kilns. 
Another  system  includes  vertical  cylinders,  containing  iron,  baffle  plates 
and  an  annular  space  which  collects  the  pre-heated  air.  From  either 
type  of  cooler  the  clinker  is  conveyed  to  storage  bins  over  the  grinding 
machines. 

The  storage  of  clinker  in  the  open  air  or  in  open  sheds  is  desirable 
from  the  standpoint  of  power  consumption  since  it  is  found  that  such 
clinker  is  ground  more  easily,  and  also  requires  a  shorter  time  of  storage 
in  the  cement  bins.  By  having  a  sufficiently  large  area  for  the  accumu- 
lation of  clinker  it  might  thus  be  possible  to  produce  cement  which 
could  be  shipped  a  short  time  after  the  finishing  grinding  or  immedi- 
ately from  the  conveyor  belt. 

For  clinker  grinding  two  classes  of  machines  must  be  distinguished  : 

1.  Intermediate  grinders. 

2.  Fine  grinders. 

The  first  type  includes  the  ball  mill  and  the  Kent  mill;  the  second, 
the  tube  mill,  the  Griffin,  and  the  Fuller-Lehigh  mill.  The  latter 
machine  may  often  be  used  as  a  preliminary  grinder  by  operating  it 
without  screens  or  fan.     The  ball  mill  is  being  replaced  by  machines 


54  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

with  greater  power  efficiency.  There  is  no  reason  why  machines  of 
simple  construction;,  such  as  the  roll  crusher,  should  not  be  used  for  this 
kind  of  work. 

The  capacity  of  the  ball  mill  of  the  size  requiring  from  40  to  50 
horsepower,  may  be  said  to  vary  between  20  and  25  barrels  per  hour. 
For  the  Kent  mill,  Maxecon  type,  it  is  claimed  ,that  40  barrels  of  mate- 
rial passing  through  the  20-mesh  sieve  can  be  ground  per  hour  with 
an  average  consumption  of  25  horsepower. 

Before  charging  the  clinker  to  the  grinding  machine  a  certain  amount 
of  gypsum  rock  is  added ;  usually  not  more  than  2  per  cent. 

For  fine  grinding  four  machines  are  available,  the  tube  mill,  the 
•Griffin,  the  Fuller-Lehigh,  and  the  Eaymond  mill.  A  22-foot  tube  mill, 
requiring  from  80  to  90  horsepower,  is  said  to  yield  16  to  20  barrels 
of  cement  per  hour;  the  Griffin,  with  25  horsepower,  5  to  8  barrels  per 
hour;  and  for  a  set  of  11  finishing  Fuller-Lehigh  mills  a  clinker  grind- 
ing capacity  of  3,000  barrels  per  day  is  claimed. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  stated  that  machines  of  the  Kent-mill 
type  can  be  used  for  fine  grinding  in  connection  with  a  system  of  vibrat- 
ing or  other  screens..  The  Newaygo . screen  (PL  XYI)  is  used  for  this 
purpose  in  a  number  of  plants.  The  claim  is  made  that  the  Kent  mill 
grinds  10  to  12  barrels  of  cement  per  hour,  with  a  fineness  such  that 
98  per  cent  passes  the  100-mesh  sieve  and  83  per  cent  the  200-mesh 
sieve. 

In  the  mill  of  the  Edison  Portland  Cement  Co.,  both  the  intermediate 
and  fine  grinding  is  accomplished  by  means  of  roll  crushers;  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  fines  being  effected  by  air  separators. 

Since  in  the  intermediate  grinding,  irrespective  of  the  machine,  a 
portion  of.  the  clinker  is  reduced  to  the  desired  ultimate  fineness,  the 
use  of  a 'separator  seems  advisable  to  avoid  bringing  this  finished  part 
of  the  clinker  to  the  fine  grinder.  This  elimination  may  be  effected 
by  means  of  screens  or  air  separators.  The  use  of  the  latter  has  already 
been  indicated  under  the  topic  of  raw  grinding  in  connection  with  the 
Eaymond  mill,  The  Raymond  separator  may  be  used  in  connection  with 
any  grinding  machine  and  is  thoroughly  efficient  and  dust  proof.  The 
use  of  a  similar  system  for  the  removal  of  the  dust  from  the  air  is 
greatly  to  be  desired  from  the  humanitarian  as  well  as  from  the  economic 
standpoint. 

From  the  fine-grinding  machine  the  finished  cement  is  carried  by  belts 
to  the  bins,  where  it  remains  until  "cured"  and  ready  for  the  market. 
If  the  clinker  has  been  exposed  to  the  air  for  a  sufficiently  long  time, 
and  if  the  composition  is  such  that  but  little  free  lime  is  present,  ship- 
ment may  be  made  immediately. 

In  the  consideration  'of  fine  grinding  it  is  important  to  realize  that 
the  real  cementing  quality  is  inherent  only  in  the  fine  cement  flour; 
i.  e.,  in  that  portion  which  passes  at  least  the  200-mesh  sieve.  Thus  a 
cement  may  pass  the  100-mesh  sieve  commonly  adopted  as  the  standard, 
and  yet  be  inferior  to  another  material  of  which  a  larger  part  is  in  the 
form  of  dust.  The  measurement  of  the  fineness  of  cement  should  really 
be  carried  farther  than  is  possible  either  by  means  of  an  air  separator, 


ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY.  BULL.   NO.  17,  PLATE  XVI. 


Newaygo  screen. 


BLEININGER] 


PORTLAND-CEMENT    MANUFACTURE. 


55 


as  suggested  by  Gary,  or  by  beaker  sedimentation  in  petroleum  or  alcohol. 
Eleven  Portland  cements  examined  by  the  writer  showed  an  average 
content  of  fine  material  passing  the  200-mesh  sieve  of  71.4  per  cent; 
the  samples  having  been  washed  through  this  sieve  with  alcohol. 

In  regard  to  the  capacity  of  the  different  machines,  Professor  Car- 
penter gives  the  following  summary: 


Capacities  of  crushing  and  grinding 

machines. 

Machine. 

Capacity 

in  tons  per 

hour. 

Horsepower 
used. 

Rock  crushers .' 

1.1  per  ton 

Rolls .     . 

1.5  per  ton 

Griffin  mill,  rock ; 

1 .5  to  3  .0 
0 .8  to  1 .5 
1.5  to  2.0 
2  0  to  4.0 
2.0  to  4.0 

27  to  33 

Griffin  mill,  clinker 

27  to  35 

Griffin  mill,  coal 

16  to  24 

Ball  mills  on  rock,  to  20  mesh. .     . 

20  to  30 

Tube  mill,  producing  fine  powder 

70  to  80 

Plate  XVII  indicates  the  sequence  of  the  machines  used  in  the  several 
stages  of  the  process.  This  arrangement  is  merely  suggestive,  and  does 
not  represent  any  actual  plant. 


TESTING  CEMENT. 

In  commercial  practice  certain  requirements  are  made  as  to  the. quality 
of  Portland  cement,  which  refer  to: 

Specific  gravity. 

Constancy  in  volume. 

Fineness. 

Time  of  setting. 

Tensile  strength. 

Chemical  composition. 


Specific  Gravity. 

The  specific  gravity,  in  itself,  is  of  but  secondary  significance.  It  was 
formerly  supposed  that  by  means  of  this  determination  underburnt 
clinker  could  be  detected — it  having  been  assumed  that  the  density  of 
well  vitrified  cement  is  lower  than  that  of  the  underburnt  material.  This 
is  in  error,  since  the  contrary  is  the  case,  owing  to  the  fact  that  on 
progressing  towards  fusion  nearly  all  silicates  increase  in  specific  volume, 
i.  e.,  decrease  in  density.  However,  if  the  average  specific  gravity  of 
the  fresh  clinker  is  known,  the  effect  of  storing  may  be  detected  by 
means  of  the  decrease  in  specific  gravity  due  to  the  absorption  -of  water 
and  carbon  dioxide.  The  specific  gravity  of  freshly  calcined  cement 
averages  3.1  to  3.$.' 


56  illinois  portland-cement  resources.  [bull.  no.  17 

Constancy  in  Volume. 

It  is  a  necessary  qualification  in  all  cements  that  the  volume  shall  be 
constant.  A  cement  may,  however,  show  the  highly  objectionable  prop- 
erty of  expanding,  due  either  to  an  excessive  amount  of  free  lime,  or  to 
an  excess  of  alumina,  sulphuric  anhydride,  or  magnesia...  This  evidently 
renders  it  unfit  for  most  uses.  Such  cement  may  be  detected  as  follows : 
Make  up  on  clean  glass  a  pat  of  the  neat  mortar,  about  3  inches  in 
diameter,  one-half  inch  thick  in  the  center,  and  tapering  to  a  feather 
edge.  This  pat  after  storing  24  hours  in  a  moist  closet  and  boiling  for 
three  hours  in  water  should  not  come  off  the  glass  nor  show  signs  of 
cracking  or  disintegrating.  If  it  should  come  off  the  glass,  close  inspec- 
tion of  the  fiat  surface  should  show  no  warping.  Fresh  cement  usually 
fails  to  pass  this  test,  though  it  will  do  so  after  sufficiently  long 
storage.  Other  proposed  tests  include:  the  direct  measurement  of  the 
abnormal  expansion  of  cement  bars  by  means  of  micrometer  gauges; 
immersion  in  a  calcium  chloride  solution;  the  determination  of  the  rise 
in  temperature  on  setting;  exposure  to  moist  heat  at  about  100°  F.,  etc. 
The  boiling  test  is  the  one  commonly  employed,  however,  in  cement- 
testing  laboratories. 

Fineness. 

As  has  been  previously  pointed  out  the  real  cementing  substance  is 
so  fine  grained  that  it  cannot  be  differentiated  by  means  of  sieves  but 
requires  more  refined  methods  of  separation.  This  fact,  however,  is  not 
yet  recognized  in  the  cement  specifications  proposed  by  different  organi- 
zations, which  ask  simply  that  95  per  cent  of  the  cement  pass  the  100- 
mesh  sieve.    This  test  can  be  no  true  indication  of  the  real  fineness. 

Time  of  Setting. 

The  time  elapsing  between  the  making  up  of  the  mortar  and  the 
beginning  of  the  hardening  is  of  evident  importance.  The  point  at 
which  the  cement  has  set  is  fixed  arbitrarily  by  means  of  the  so-called 
Gilmore  or  the  Vicat  needle.  The-  former  is  simply  a  weighted,  blunt 
point;  the  latter,  a  rod  carrying  a  loaded  plate  on  top,  which  runs  in  a 
guide  and  is  provided  with  a  pointer  and  scale.  In  each  case  the  depth 
of  penetration,  or  the  failure  to  penetrate,  is  the  indication  of  the  stage 
of  setting. 

Tensile  Strength. 

The  tensile  strength  of  cement  is  judged  from  the  behavior  of  cement 
or  sand-mortar  brickettes  having  the  shape  of  a  figure  8  and  a  cross 
section  of  1  square  inch  at  the  middle.  For  this  test  the  cement,  either 
neat  or  mixed  with  three  parts  by  weight  of  standard  (Ottawa,  111.) 
sand,  is  made  up  into  a  stiff  mortar  and  molded  in  brass  molds  by 
hand.  After  remaining  for  24  hours  in  a  moist  closet  the  specimens  are 
immersed  in  water,  where  they  are  kept  for  6.  13,  or  27  days,  according 


ILLINOIS   STATE  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 


BULL.   NO.    17,   PLATE   XVII 


Jt/GGtsr/^  Diagram    or  a  Portland  Cement  Plant 

UstA/G    A    LIMESTONE  -  CfAY    MIXTURE . 
I    Ctay  l    Limestone 


Rotts  -One  Passage. 
Rotary-  Dryers. 


O 


Rock  Crusher. 


I "  ~]   /fe/r/    /V///^, 


Disintegrator. 

Convey  pf 


AlttlgfaM    MttlttMXMttEElg 


Conreyo, 

Ctay  B/ns. 

Clay  Storage  B/n. 


j\\l        L/me  stone     B/ns. 
CZI|      ^-Limestone   Storocje.   B/n. 
*cate    Platform 


Discharge   feed. 

Bolt  Mitts. 

Tube  M/tis. 

Bins. 


Rotary  Hi  Ins. 

Rotary 
Coot  Dryer 

Oismteorator 


Coot  3/ns 


Ct/nker  Coolers.  (       ) 
Kent    Mitts.      M     (~j 
Wind    Separators 


3\/fi  5\/l> 


W/nd  Separator. 


Gnff/ti   Mi/is. 
[     I  Pressure    Blower 

for  feeding  coo/  dust  /o     kilns 
and  mject/ng  preheated   a/r. 


/v/7^  Grind/nj  Milts*  ^Centrifugal  Type 


To  Stock 
Diagram  showing  sequence  of  operations  in   Portland-cement  manufacture. 


BLEININGER]  POETLAND-CEMENT    MANUFACTURE.  57 

to  the  time  at  which  the  strength  is  to  be  determined.  The  brickettes 
are  broken  in  specially-designed,  testing  machines  such  as  the  Fairbanks, 
Olsen,  Eiehle,  and  others. 

The  requirements,  according  to  the  specifications  of  the  American 
Society  for  Testing  Materials,  are  the  following  minimum  tensile 
strengths  : 

Neat  clement : 

24  hours  in  moist  air 175  lbs.  per  sq.  inch 

7  days    (1  day  in  moist  air,   6  days  in 

water) 500  lbs.  per  sq.  inch 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in 

water) 600  lbs.  per  sq.  inch 

For  a  mortar  consisting  of  one  part  by  weight  of  cement  and  three 
parts  of  Ottawa  sand,  they  are : 

7  days   (1  day  in  moist  air,  6  days  in 

water) 200  lbs.  per  sq.  inch 

28  days  ,(1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in 

water) ' 275  lbs.  per  sq.  inch 

For  details  in  regard  to  cement  testing  the  transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Society  for  Testing  Materials,  and  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers  should  be  consulted. 

Chemical  Composition. 

The  only  requirements  usually  made  as  to  the  chemical  composition 
of  cements  are  that  the  content  of  magnesia  shall,  not  exceed  4  per  cent, 
and  that  of  anhydrous  sulphuric  acid  1.75  per  cent. 

It  is  interesting  in  this  connection  to  quote  a  resume  of  the  physical 
tests  made  upon  100  German  Portland  cements.  The  specific  gravity 
of  67  samples  was  found  to  be  between  3.05  and  3.15;  and  61  in  the 
calcined  condition  possessed  a  specific  gravity  between  3.20  and  3.25. 
The  loss  on  ignition  for  95  samples  was  as  follows: 

Loss  on  ignition. 

Number  of  cements.  Per  cent  loss. 

27 1  to  2 

30 2  to  3 

17 ' 3  to  4 

21 .- 4+ 

The  tensile  strength  of  53  samples  made  up  into  standard  1:3  mortar, 
after  28  days,  varied  from  284  to  355  pounds  per  square  inch. 


POWE'E  EEQUIEEMENTS   AND  MANUFACTURING 

COSTS. 

For  the  dry  process  of  manufacturing  cement  it  is  a  common  rule 
to  allow  1.5  horsepower  for  every  barrel  of  cement  manufactured.  This 
would  mean  for  a  1,000-barrel  mill  a  power  plant  of  1,500  horsepower. 
Such  an  allowance  is  somewhat  liberal  but  not  excessive.     From  this 


58  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

it  follows  that  power-plant  economy  requires  the  use  of  the  best  prime 
movers — either  compound,  condensing,  steam-engines,  or  producer-gas 
engines..  In  many  mills  the  power  is  applied  by  individual  electric 
motors  for  each  machine. 

.  Meade1  estimates  the  cost  of  a  2,000-barrel  mill  to  be  from  $600,000 
to  $750,000,  exclusive  of  the  cost  of  the  property. 

The  cost  of  manufacture,  including  depreciation,  selling  expense, 
etc.,  varies  widely  for  different  localities  and  different  equipment,  and 
probably  is  rarely  less  than  70  cents  per  barrel.  Some  of  the  optimistic 
estimates  published  clearly  fail  to  include  important  cost  factors. 


1  Meade,  R.  K.,  Portland  Cement,  p.  161. 


LINES] 


STRATIGRAPHY   OF    CEMENT   MATERIALS. 


59 


CHAPTER  IV— THE  STRATIGRAPHY  OF  ILLINOIS 
WITH  REFERENCE  TO  PORTLAND- 
CEMENT  MATERIALS. 

(By  Edwin  P.  Lines.) 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  present  chapter  a  brief  review  of  the  geological  formations  in 
Illinois  is  given  for  the  purpose  of  showing  their  relationship  to  the 
distribution  of  the  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cement.  Since 
the  calcareous  element  represents  the  greater  portion  of  cement  mixtures 
the  limestones  are  described  in  more  detail  than  the  other  rocks.  Pre- 
vious publications  of  the  Survey  and  notes  by  members  of  its  staff  have 
been  freely  drawn  upon  for  the  material  presented. 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  COLUMN. 

The  grouping  shown  by  the  accompanying  table  is  in  accordance  with 
the  most  recent  interpretations : 

Table  of  Illinois  geological  formations. 


Quaternary. 


Glacial  till,  sand,  and  gravel;  loess  and  aluvium.     Present  as  surface  rocks  everywhere 
except  in  northwest  and  extreme  south.    Thickness  30  to  225  feet. 


Tertiary. 


Lafayette,  Lagrange,  and  Porters  Creek.      Clay,  sand,  gravel,  and  lignitic  material. 
Occurs  only  in  extreme  south.    Thickness  150  feet. 


Cretaceous. 


Ripley.    Clay  and  sand.    Occurs  only  in  extreme  south.    Thickness  20  to  40  feet. 


Pennsylvanian. 


McLeansboro  formation.  Shale,  sandstone,  limestone,  fire  clay,  thin  coal.  Rocks  lying 
above  Coal  No.  6.  Limestone  usually  thin  and  impure.  Occurs  everywhere  except  in 
north  and  extreme  west  and  south.  Thickness  1000  feet.  "  LaSalle"  limestone  and 
"Fair-mount"  limestone  furnish  material  for  Portland  cement. 

Carbondale  formation.  Rocks  between  base  of  Coal  No.  2  and  top  of  Coal  No.  Q.  Shale, 
sandstone,  limestone,  coal.    Thickness  150  to  320  feet. 

Pottsville  formation.  Sandstone,  shale,  fire  clay,  and  thin  coals.  Thickness  50  to  750 
feet. 


60 


ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES. 


[BULL.  NO.  17 


Table  of  Illinois  geological  formations — Concluded. 


Mississippian 

Birdsville  and  Tribune.  *  Sandstone,  shale  and  limestone.  Thickness  500  feet,  Lime- 
stones form  from  one-fifth  to  one?third  total  thickness,  and  many  of  them  afford  go  od  Port- 
land cement  material. 

Cypress.    Sandstone.    Thickness  75  to  150  feet. 

Unconformity. 

Ste.  Genevieve.    Limestone.    Thickness  up  to  250  feet.    Frequently  oolitic. 

St.  Louis.  Limestone,  brecciated  or  dense,  shaly  or  dolomitic  to  comparatively  pure.  Thick- 
ness 10  to  250  feet. 

Salem.  Limestone,  oolitic  in  places,  comparatively  free  from  chert,  light  colored:  Some 
portions  suitable  for  Portland  and  others  for  natural-cement  material  Thickness  10  to 
125  feet. 

Warsaw.    Shale  and  limestone.    Formation  is  prevailiugly  shaly.    Thickness  40  feet 

Keokuk.  Limestone  and  shale.  Cherty  limestones  and  interbedded  shales.  Certain  beds 
are  suitable  for  Portland-cement  material.    Thickness  125  feet. 

Burlington.  Limestone^  usually  crystalline  and  nearly  white,  and  locally  nearly  pure,  but 
often  very  cherty.    Thickness  200  feet. 

Kinderhook.  Sandstone,  shale,  and  limestone.  Sandstone  and  shale  predominate. 
Limestone  is  usually  impure.    Thickness  25  to  200  feet. 

The  Mississippian  formations  occur  in  the  west  and  south. 

Devonian. 

Ohio  shale.    Brown  to  black  or  greenish  shale.    Thickness  90  feet. 

Hamilton.  Limestone,  gray  to  brown  and  somewhat  shaly  or  siliceous.  Thickness  50  to 
70  feet. 

Onondaga.  Limestone  and  sandstone.  Limestone  light  gray  and  tending  to  be  crystalline. 
Thickness  160  feet. 

Oriskany  (Clear  Creek  chert).  Gray  to  yellowish  chert;  in  places  decomposed  into  fine- 
grained unconsolidated  masses.    Thickness  240  feet. 

Helderberg  (New  Scotland).  Limestone,  shaly  and  cherty  to  heavy  bedded  and  crystalline. 
Thickness  160  feet. 

The  Devonian  formations  occur  locally  in  the  north,  west,  and  south  portions  of  the  State 

Silurian. 

Niagaran.  Dolomite,  bluish  or  buff  and  massive.  Limestones  and  shales  near  base  of 
formation.  Occurs  in  northeastern  and  locally  in  western  Illinois.  Thickness  50  to 
150  feet. 

Clinton.  Limestone,  containing  chert  in  bands.  Occurs  in  Alexander  county.  Thickness 
30  to  75  feet. 

Edgewood  formation.  Limestone  and  calcareous  shale.  Alexander  county.'  Thick- 
ness up  to  12  feet. 

Girardeau.    Limestone,  dark,  fine  grained,  Alexander  county.    Thickness  33  feet. 

Ordovician. 

Richmond-Maquoketa.  Shale  and  impure  limestone.  Occurs  in  northeastern,  north- 
western, and  locally  iu  southwestern  Illinois.    Thickness  75  to  175  feet. 

"Trenton-Galena."  Includes  Platteville  and  Galena  of  northwestern  Illinois  and  the 
Joachim,  Plattin,  and  Kimmswick  of  southwestern.  Limestones,  tending  to  be  shaly  or 
dolomitic  except  Kimmswick  which  is  coarsely  crystalline  and  nearly  white.  Thickness 
80  to  440  feet. 

St.  Peter.  Sandstone,  porous,  friable,  and  pure.  Occurs  locally  in  northern  part  of  State. 
Thickness  275  feet. 

Lower  Magnesian.  Dolomitic  limestone.  Contains  beds  of  natural-cement  rock.  Occurs 
locally  in  western  Illinois.    Thickness  4*50  to  800  feet. 

Ordovician  System. 


LOWER   MAGNESIAN    LIMESTONE. 

The  Lower  Magnesian  dolomitic  limestones  are  the  oldest  outcropping 
rocks  in  the  State.  The  exposures  are  limited  to  LaSalle,  Ogle,  and 
Calhoun  counties.  In  LaSalle  county  one  outcrop  extends  about  two 
miles  along  the  Illinois  river  and  one  mile  up  Pecumsangum  creek,  just 
west  of  Utica;  another  extends  about  one  mile  up  Tomahawk  creek 
from  its  junction  with  Little  Vermilion  river;  and  a  third  extends  a 
shorter  distance  along  the  Little  Vermilion.  In  Ogle  county  an  outcrop 
.several  hundred  yards  in  length  has  been  reported  along  Elkhorn 
creek;  and  in  Calhoun  county  an  outcrop  a  few  rods  in  extent  occurs 
at  the  base  of  Cap  au  Gres  bluff. 


Birdsville,  Tribune,  and  Cypress  comprise  a  unit  which  has  been  called  "Chester"  in  Illinois  reports. 


LINES]  STRATIGRAPHY   OF    CEMENT   MATERIALS.  61 

The  best  section  in  the  first-named  district  is  exposed  in  the  bluff: 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Illinois  river  near  Utica.  A  portion  of  the 
rock  at  this  place  is  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  natural  cement.  A 
carefully  measured  section  in  this  bluff  in  section  22  is  given  by  H.  C. 
Freeman1  as  follows: 

Section  in  north  bluff  of  Illinois  river  near  LaSalle. 

Ft.        In. 

31.     Sandstone,  St., Peter;  bottom  2  to  3  feet 

30.     Limestone,  silicious  and  cherty  beds 12 

29.     Limestone,  silicious,  oolitic 0           9 

28.     Limestone 1           3 

27.     Sandstone,  calciferous 0           9 

.  26.     Limestone    2           6 

25.     Limestone,  with  some  flints    4           6 

24.     Sandstone,    calciferous     1 

23.     Cement-rock,  good    1           3 

22.     Sandstone    1 

21.     Limestone,  shaly,  and  clay 0           3 

20.     Cement-rock,    impure 1         10 

19.     Sandstone,   calciferous,   good   fire-stone,   used 

for  lining  the  kilns  * 3 

18.     Cement-rock,  impure,  breaks  into  small,  irreg- 
ular fragments,  worthless 2 

17.     Flint    . 0           4 

16.     Cement-rock,  impure   0           2 

15.     Limestone,  arenaceous 0         10 

14.     Cement-rock,  impure 2         10 

Cement-rock,   good 0          6 

13.     Limestone,  good  quarry-rock   4           8 

12.     Sandstone,   calciferous    1 

11.     Limestone,  irregular  masses  and  broken  frag- 
ments   '. 3 

10.     Cement-rock,  upper  two  feet  not  first  quality  6           9 
9.     Limestone,    in    beds    of    good    quarry-rock; 
somewhat   arenaceous,   and  irregular  qual- 
ity   4           6 

8.     Cement-rock,    impure 2 

7.     Limestone    1           6 

6.     Cement-rock,  good 0         10 

5.     Sandstone,   calciferous 1 

4.     Limestone 1           2 

3.     Cement-rock,  fair  quality   1           6 

2.     Limestone,  upper  silicious    6 

1.  Cement-rock,  good,  full  thickness  not  ascer- 
tained as  it  extends  below  the  bed  of  the 
railroad.     It  contains  two  bands  of  four  to 

six  inches  impure  rock 5 

75  8 

There  are  at  present  two  plants  using  Lower  Magnesian  limestone  in 
the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement;  viz.,  Illinois  Hydraulic  Cement 
Company  and  Utica  Hydraulic  Cement  Company.  More  detailed  infor- 
mation regarding  the  character  and  extent  of  the  cement  rock  has  been 


Geology  of  LaSalle  county:    Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  281,  282. 


62  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

given  by  G.  H.  Cady.1  Although  about  100  feet  is  the  maximum  thick- 
ness exposed,  well  records  show  that  the  formation  is  about  450  feet 
thick  at  the  Illinois-Iowa  boundary. 

ST.    PETER   SANDSTONE. 

Lying  next  above  the  Lower  Magnesian  limestone  is  the  St.  Peter 
sandstone.  It  is  soft,  friable,  and  very  porous;  and  is  composed,  locally 
at  least,  of  rounded  grains  of  nearly  pure  quartz.  This  formation, 
although  its  outcrops  are  considerably  more  extensive,  is  confined  to 
nearly  the  same  counties  as  the  limestone  formation  below.  In  La  Salle 
county  the  outcrop  extends  along  the  Illinois  in  a  belt  from  3  to  5 
miles  wide  from  Fox  river  to  Vermilion  river.  It  continues  8  or  10 
miles  up  the  Fox  river,  with  a  small  detached  area  a  little  farther  north ; 
also  about  5  miles  up  the  Vermilion;  and  15  or  more  mliles  up  the 
Little  Vermilion.  In  Ogle  county  there  is  a  somewhat  wider  belt  bor- 
dering Eock  river  for  5  or  6  miles  north  of  Oregon,  nearly  to  Dixon, 
and  also  an  outcrop  of  several  square  miles  in  the  headwaters  of  Elkhorn 
creek.  The  only  remaining  exposure  is  at  Cap  au  Gres  bluff  in  southern 
Calhoun  county.  The  maximum  exposed  thickness  of  the  sandstone  is 
only  150  feet,  but  the  maximum  thickness  shown  by  well  records  is 
275  feet.  The  St.  Peter  sandstone  is  economically  important  as  a 
source  of  abundant  water  supply  from  deep  wells,  and  as  a  material 
suited  for  use  as  glass  sand. 


The  "Trenton- Galena"  formation  exhibits  considerable  variation  in 
different  portions  of  the  State.  In  the  northwest  corner,  in  JoDaviess 
county,2  Bain  has  divided  the  formation  into  two  members,  Platteville 
limestone  below,  and  Galena  limestone  above.  •  The  Platteville  was 
formerly  called  Trenton  but  is  now  considered  older  than  the  Trenton 
of  New  York ;  the  latter  corresponding  in  age  more  nearly  to  the  Galena. 
The  general  section  of  the  Platteville  is  given  by  Bain  as  follows:  . 

Generalized  section  of  the  PlaUeville  in  northwestern  Illinois. 

Feet. 

4.     Limestone  and  shale  in  thin  beds  '. .     10  to  20 

3.     Limestone,     thin     bedded,     brittle,     breaking 

with  concoidal  fracture   25  to  30 

2.     Magnesian  limestone,  buff  to  blue,  heavy  bedded     20  to  25 
1.     Shale,  blue 1  to    5 

Only  No.  4  of  the  section  outcrops  in  Illinois,  and  this  only  in  very 
limited  areas  north  of  Galena  and  at  East  Dubuque.  The  shales  are 
commonly  blue  or  green  but  in  some  places  are  yellow,  chocolate,  or  even 
black.  The  limestone  is  generally  blue,  fine  grained,  thin  bedded,  and 
fossiliferous. 

1  Cement-malcing  materials  in  the  vicinity  of  LaSalle:  Bull.  111.,  State  Geol.  Survey,  No.  9,  pp.  1 18-130- 

2  3ain,  K.Foster,  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  Northwestern  111.:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  246, 1905, 
pp.  18-21. 


LINES]  STRATIGRAPHY   OF    CEMENT   MATERIALS.  ,      63 

The  Galena  limestone  of  the  same  region  is  a  massive  dolomite  which 
forms  the  main  ore-bearing  rock  of  the  zinc  district.  As  typically 
developed  it  is  dark  buff,  granular,  and  highly  crystalline;  and  when 
weathered  presents  deeply  pitted  and  protuberant  surfaces.  Chert  is 
abundant  in  the  middle  portion  of  the  formation  and  fossils  occur  at 
certain  horizons.     The  total  thickness  is  about.  240  feet. 

While  these  two  formations  do  not  maintain  their  typical  character 
in  an  easterly  direction,  it  is  still  possible  to  trace  the  two  horizons 
throughout  the  area  in  which  the  "Trenton-Galena"  outcrops  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State.  This  area  includes  the  larger  part  of 
JoDaviess  county;  most  of  Stephenson,  Winnebago,  Boone,  Ogle,  Lee; 
and  also  eastern  Carroll,  northern  Bureau  and  LaSalle,  southern  DeKalb, 
and  western  Kendall.  Other  limited  outcrops  occur  in  Calhoun,  Jersey, 
Monroe,  and  Alexander  counties. 

In  the '  Calhoun- Jersey  county  region  the  "Galena-Trenton"  rocks 
include  three  formations,1  which  are,  from  oldest  to  youngest,  the 
Joachim,  Plattin,  and  Kimmswick  limestones. 

.  The  Joachim  limestone  is  a  buff,  argillaceous,  magnesian  limestone 
tending  to  be  thin  bedded,  and  occasionally  carrying  shale.  The  forma- 
tion attains  a  thickness  of  75  feet,  and  its  exposures  are  confined  to  a 
narrow  belt  just  above  the  St.  Peter  sandstone.  The  Plattin  limestone 
is  a  purer,  gray  limestone  about  100  feet  thick,  bedded  similarly  to  the 
Joachim  limestone.  The  limestone  is  fine  grained,  hard,  dense,  and 
breaks  with  conchoidal  fractures.  It  is  about  100  feet  thick.  .  The 
Kimmswick  limestone  is  light  colored  or  nearly  white,  coarsely  crystal- 
line, and  very  fossiliferous.  This  limestone  is  believed  to  be  a  little 
older  than  the  Trenton  of  New  York.  The  maximum  thickness  that 
has  been  observed, in  this  region  is  50  feet. 

In  Monroe  and  Alexander  counties  exposures  of  the  "Trenton-Galena" 
formations  are  confined  to  small  outcrops  of  Kimmswick  limestone 
similar  in  character  to  that  in  Calhoun  and  Jersey  counties,  with  a 
maximum  thickness  of  about  100  feet  in  Monroe  county. 

RICHMOND  FORMATION. 

The  uppermost  formation  in  the  Cincinnatian  series  in  Indiana  and 
Ohio  is  termed  "Eichmond,"  and  although  different  names  have  been 
applied  to  the  Cincinnatian  rocks  of  Illinois,  their  fauna  indicates  that 
they  are  also  of  Eichmond  age.  The  Eichmond  formation  as  repre- 
sented by  the  Maquoketa  shale  in  northwestern  Illinois  is  blue  or  green 
shale  with  occasional  bands  of  limestone,  and  it  attains  a  thickness  of 
approximately  175  feet.  In  Calhoun  and  Monroe  counties  it  is  a  green 
shale,  somewhat  dolomitic  at  the  base,  and  only  about  75  feet  thick.  In. 
Alexander  county  the  formation  consists  of  two  members,  the  uppermost 
of  which  is  a  gray  shale  containing  thin  calcareous  beds,  and  the  lower 
or  "Thebes  sandstone  and  shale" '  is  a  brownish  shaly  sandstone.  The 
two  aggregate  about  90  feet  in  thickness.  In  northeastern  Illinois  the, 
Cincinnatian   beds  occupy   a   rather   narrow   belt  which   extends   from 


1  Weller,  Stuart,  Geology  of  southern  Calhoun  county:    Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  4,  p.  222. 


64  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

southeastern  Ford  to  northwestern  McHenry  county.  The  beds  here 
are  greenish  and  bluish^  argillaceous  to  arenaceous  shales  above,  with  a 
limestone  bed  in  the  lower  part,  together  having  an  approximate  thick- 
ness of  250  feet. 

In  Indiana  and  Ohio  the  Utic'a  and  Lorraine  formations  intervene 
between  the  Trenton  and  Richmond  formations.  This  fact  suggests  a 
possible  nonconformity  in  Illinois;  which,  indeed,  is  well  established. 
In  Calhoun  county  Weller1  has  described  a  clear  nonconformity  at  the 
base  of  the  Richmond;  though  in  northwestern  Illinois  Bain2  finds  no 
evidence  of  one. 

Silurian  System. 

girardeau  and  edgewood  formations. 

From  carefully  studied  sections  in  Alexander  county,  Savage3  has 
designated  as  "Alexandrian"  the  Girardeau  limestone,  and  the  closely 
associated  limestone  and  shale  immediately  above,  which  constitute  the 
Edgewood  formation.     The  record  is  as  follows: 

Sectio?i  in-  Alexander  county. 

Feet. 

3.     Liihestone,    coarse   grained,    somewhat   oolitic, 

in  layers  12  to  18  inches  thick 3% 

2.     Limestone   and  shale,   fine  grained,   dark   col- 
ored, in  layers  8  to  14  inches  thick   8% 

(Break  in  sedimentation). 

1.     Limestone,  fine  grained,  black,  brittle,  in  layers 
1  to  4  inches  thick,  separated  by  thin  lenses 
or  partings  of  calcareous  shale  (Girardeau        * 
Limestone) 33  to  38 

Savage  considers  that  this  section  more  or  less  completely  bridges  the 
gap  between  the  Cincinnatian  and  the  Clinton,  and  that  the  beds  should 
be  placed  in  the  Silurian  rather  than  in  the  Ordovician. 

CLINTON    AND    NIAGARAN    LIMESTONES. 

The  succeeding  rocks  of  Silurian  age  in  Illinois  have  long  been 
referred  to  as  the  "Niagara  limestone."  They  do  not,  however,  exactly 
correspond  with  the  Niagara  or,  as  it  is  now  called,  the  Lockport  lime- 
stone of  New  York,  but  represent  a  much  longer  time  interval.  These 
rocks  occur  in  several  more  or  less  distinctly  separated  areas  which  pre- 
sent considerable  lithologic  variation. 

With  future  detailed  study  the  rocks  will  probably  be  separated  into 
more  definite  formations.     The  first  separation  has  already  been  made 


1  Geology  of  southern  Calhoun  county:    Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  4.  p.  223. 

2  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  upper  Mississippi  Valley:    Bull.  U,  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  294,  p.  33. 

3  111.  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  No.  8,  p.  110. 


LINES]  STRATIGRAPHY    OF    CEMENT    MATERIALS.  65 

in  Alexander  county  where  Savage1  has  correlated  the  Silurian  rocks  as 
belonging  to  the  Clinton  formation.  The  composite  section  of  the 
Clinton  limestone  as  given  by  Savage  is  as  follows: 

Section  in  Alexander  county. 

Feet. 

3.     Limestone,  pink,   mottled,   in  layers  10  to   45 

inches  thick 23 

2.  Limestone,  layers  of  gray  to  drab,  2  to  6 
inches  thick,  alternating  with  thin  bands 
of  chert    6 

1.  Limestone,  tough,  gray,  in  layers  3  to  8 
inches  thick,  imperfectly  separated  by 
partings  of  chert,  2  to  4  inches  thick  ....       0  to  46 

In  Jersey  and  Calhoun  counties  and  in  northwestern  Illinois  the 
Niagaran  limestone  is  a  fine-grained,  somewhat  cherty,  dolomite.  It 
is  50  to  100  feet  thick  in  the  former  region  and  about  150  feet  thick 
in  the  latter.  The  widest  occurrence  of  these  rocks  is  in  northeastern 
Illinois,  where  they  extend  north  from  Iroquois  county  and  east  from 
DeKalb  and  Kendall  to  the  State  boundaries.  In  this  region  the  Niag- 
aran  is  composed  of  bluish  or  buff,  massive  dolomite. 

Devonian  System. 

Most  of  the  rocks  of  Devonian  time  in  Illinois  occupy  three  limited 
and  widely  separated  regions.  The  first  of  these  is  in  Eock  Island 
county  where  the  rocks  have  a  maximum  thickness  of  about  150  feet, 
and  are  mostly  limestones  of  middle  and  upper  Devonian  time.  The 
second  Devonian  area  is  in  Calhoun  and  Jersey  counties  where  only 
about  10  to  30  feet  of  limestone  is  present.  The  third  area  is  in  Jackson, 
Union,  and  Alexander  counties  where  the  Devonian  attains  a  thickness 
of  about  735  feet. 

While  the  fauna  of  the  first  two  areas  shows  that  the  beds  of  these 
regions  are  associated  with  the  Iowan  province  to  the  west,  the  fauna 
of  the  third  shows  the  rocks  of  that  region  to  be  entirely  different,  and 
related  to  the  Devonian  of  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  New  York.  The  names 
of  the  eastern  formations  therefore  apply  to  these  rocks,  and  will  be  used 
in  describing  them. 

HELDERBERG    (NEW    SCOTLAND). 

The  New  Scotland  formation  aggregates  160  feet  in  thickness,  the 
lower  100  feet  of  which  is  shaly  limestone  with  interbedded  hands  of 
chert,  and  the  upper  60  feet  a  gray,  heavy-bedded,  coarsely  crystalline 
limestone.  The  analysis  in  the  tables  of  a  sample  (S57&)  taken  from 
the  upper  part  of  this  formation  in  an  old  quarry  north  of  Grand  Tower 
in  Jackson  county,  shows  that  some  of  this  limestone  possesses  a  high 
degree  of  purity. 


1  Savage,  T.  E.,  Lower  paleozoic  stratigraphy  of  southwestern  111.:    Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  8, 
p.  111. 

—5  G 


66  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

ORISKANY    (CLEAR   CREEEI   CHERT ). 

The  Clear  Creek  chert  corresponds  with  upper  Oriskany  of  New  York. 
This  formation  is  composed  of  light-gray  to  yellowish  cherts  that  are 
commonly  in  thin  layers  but  which  in  the  lower  part  are  sometimes 
3  to  5  feet  thick.  Their  total  thickness  is  about  240  feet.  In  some 
places  the  cherts,  where  exposed  at  the  surface,  are  thoroughly  leached 
and  decomposed  into  a  fine-grained,  unconsolidated  mass  containing  a 
high  percentage  of  silica.  Analyses1  show  from  73.78  per  cent  to  75.78 
per  cent  of  Si02.  This  "silica"  is  already  used  to  some  extent  in  the 
arts,  and  because  of  its  fineness  of  grain  and  amorphous  character  war- 
rants still  further  development. 

ONONDAGA   LIMESTONE. 

The  Onondaga  formation,  with  the  exception  of  about  20  feet  of  iron- 
stained  sandstone  at  the  base,  consists  mostly  of  gray,  more  or  less  crys- 
talline limestone  aggregating  about  160  feet  in  thickness. 

HAMILTON    LIMESTONE    AND    SHALE. 

The  Hamilton  is  made  up  of  gray  to  black  limestone,  more  or  less 
shaly  or  siliceous  in  the  upper  portion,  and  about  70  feet  thick.  At  the 
base  of  the  Hamilton  in  Union  county  is  28  feet  of  yellowish  blue  shale 
which  possibly  corresponds  to  the  Marcellus  of  New  York. 

OHIO  SHALE. 

The  uppermost  Devonian  beds  are  brown  to  black  or  greenish  shales 
or  siliceous  limestones  which  reach  a  thickness  of  about  90  feet.  A  part 
of  these  doubtless  are  to  be  correlated  with  the  Ohio  shale  of  Ohio,  and 
the  New  Albany  of  Indiana.  In  Hardin  county,  in  a  small  area  about 
Hicks,  there  is  an  exposure  of  approximately  50  feet  of  black  fissile 
shale  which  is  assigned  to  this  horizon. 

Mississippian  System. 

In  geologic  literature  Mississippian  and  Pennsylvanian  are  generally 
used  to  designate  series,  but  here  in  conformity  with  recent  usage2  they 
are  used  to  designate  systems.  The  rocks  of  the  Mississippian  period 
occur  in  a  belt  which  extends  nearly  the  entire  distance  from  Mercer 
to  Jackson  counties  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  through  Union, 
Johnson,  Pope,  and  Hardin  counties  in  the  southern  part.  The  Missis- 
sippian was  divided  under  the  Worthen  Survey  into  the  following  units, 
beginning  at  the  bottom :  1.  Kinderhook;  2.  Burlington;  3.  Keokuk; 
4.   St.  Louis;  5.   Chester.    Weller3  and  others,  however,  have  shown  that 


Jiain,  H.  F.,  Analysis  of  certain  silica  deposits:    Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  4,  p.  186. 

2  Chamberlin  and  Salisbury,  Geology  Vol.  II,  chaps.  9  and  10.    Geology  of  north-central  Wisconsin, 
p.  6. 

3  The  geological  map  of  Illinois:    Bull.  III.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  6,  p.  23. 


LINES]  STKATIGRAPHY    OF    CEMENT    MATERIALS.  G7 

several  more  divisions  should  be  made.  If,  however,  the  Keokuk- Warsaw 
is  separated  into  two  formations,  the  series  from  oldest  to  youngest  may 
be  stated  as  follows : 


n  subdivisions. 

9.  Birdsville-Tribune.   )      (Chester  of 

8.  Cypress.  j  some  authors) . 

7.  Ste.  Genevieve. 

6.  St.  Louis. 

5.  Salem  (Spergen). 

4.  Warsaw. 

3.  Keokuk. 

2.  Burlington. 

1.  Kinderhook. 

KINDERHOOK. 

The  Kinderhook  beds  are  sandstones,  shales,  or  limestones.  The  rocks 
belonging  to  this  formation  occur  from  Henderson  to  Union  counties, 
although  no  single  member  has  such  wide  distribution.  The  formation 
varies  in  thickness  from  25  to  200  feet.  The  sandstones  and  shales 
greatly  predominate  and  the  limestones  are  usually  impure.  The  section 
at  Kinderhook  as  reported  by  Worthen,1  although  not  closely  typical 
for  the  State,  is  given  as  follows :    • 

Section  at  Kinderhook. 

Feet. 

5.     Loess,  capping  the  bluff 20 

4.     Limestone    (Burlington)     15 

3.     Limestone,  thin  bedded,  fine  grained 6 

2.     Sandstone,  thin  beddded,  and  sandy  shales 36 

1.     Shales,  argillaceous  and  sandy,  partly  hidden 40 

The  Kinderhook  beds  include  1  to  3  of  the  section  and  probably  about 
20  feet  more  below  No.  1. 

BURLINGTON"    LIMESTONE. 

The  Burlington  limestone  is  typically  developed  at  Burlington,  Iowa, 
and  extends  more  or  less  continuously  from  this  point  to  Union  county. 
It  is  generally  highly  crystalline  and  nearly  white,  although  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  area  it  locally  contains  brownish  beds  in  its  lower 
portions.  In  places  the  formation  is  nearly  pure  limestone,  but  as  a 
rule  it  contains  chert  in  horizontal  lenses  or  layers  from  2  to  4  inches 
thick,  which  may  equal  or  even  exceed  the  aggregate  thickness  of  the 
limestone.  The  maximum  thickness  of  the  Burlington  is  about  200 
feet. 


i  Pike  County:    Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  27. 


68  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

KEOKUK    LIMESTONE. 

The  Keokuk  limestone  in  its  typical  development  at  Keokuk,  Iowa,  is 
darker  than  the  Burlington  limestone  and  differs  from  the  latter  also 
in  having  shaly  partings  which  separate  the  thicker  ledges  of  limestone, 
and,  in  some  places,  become  several  feet  in  thickness.  At  the  top  of 
the  formation  at  Warsaw  there  is  a  conspicuous  geode  bed  which  may 
be  recognized  as  far  south  as  Jersey  county.  ( The  section  exposed  at 
Warsaw  is  given  under  the  description  of  the -Warsaw  formation.)  The 
Keokuk  limestone  is  nearly  everywhere  very  cherty  but  in  the  type 
locality  is  comparatively  free  from  it.  Occasional  beds  are  pure  enough 
for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement.  The  total  thickness 
of  the  formation  is  about  125  feet. 

WARSAW    LIMESTONE    AND   SHALE. 

The  Warsaw  formation,  as  most  recently  described  by  Weller,1  com- 
prises a  series  of  limestones  and  shales  approximately  30  feet  thick.  The 
section  exposed  in  the  type  locality  is  as  follows : 

Geologic  section  at  Warsaw. 

St.  Louis. 

Feet. 
11.     Limestone,  dense,  bluish,  brecciated   10 

Salem. 

10.  Limestone,  more  or  less  cross  bedded,  yellow  on 
weathered  surfaces  and  granular  in  appearance, 
containing  large  numbers  of  broken  bryozoans; 
sometimes  replaced  by  calcareous  grit  or  sand- 
stone        8 

Warsaw. 

9.     Limestone,   thin   bedded,   bluish,   interbedded   with 

calcareous  shales;   fossil  bryozoans  abundant   ...     18 

8.     Shale,  fine,  blue 3 

7.  Limestone,  hard,  light  colored,  with  few  poorly  pre- 
served fossils   4 

6.     Shale,  fine,  blue  8 

5.  Magnesian  limestone  with  shaly  bands;  fossils  poor- 
ly preserved,  usually  rare,  mostly  bryozoans 8 

Keokuk. 

4.  Shales,  bluish,  with  numerous  geodes  which  are 
usually  smaller  than  those  in  the  magnesian  lime- 
stone beds  below    21 

3.     Magnesian  limestone  with  chert  bands 3 

2.  Magnesian  limestone  with  numerous  geodes;  some 
beds  more  or  less  shaly,  geodes  most  numerous  in 
the  middle  part  of  the  bed;  fossils  poorly  pre- 
served and  rather  rare,  mostly  imperfect  bryo- 
zoans      15 

1.     Limestone,    crystalline,   blue   or   gray,    with    many 

fossils;   extending  below  river  level   (exposed) . .     15 

i  The  Salem  limestone:    Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  8,  pp.  83-88. 


MNES]  STRATIGRAPHY   OF    CEMENT   MATERIALS.  69 

-  The  Keokuk  and  Warsaw  beds  are  clearly  differentiated  in  the  type 
locality  but  toward  the  south  the  goede  beds  that  mark  the  top  of  the 
Keokuk  disappear  and  it  becomes  difficult  to  separate  the  two  forma- 
tions, The  prevailingly  argillaceous  character  of  the  Warsaw,  however, 
and  the  more  calcareous  aspect  of  the  Keokuk  holds,  generally,  as  far 
as  Union  county. 

SALEM    LIMESTONE    (SPERGEN)  . 

The  Salem  limestone  is  present  in  all  the  counties  containing  Missis- 
sippian  rocks,  from  Hancock  to  Union.  In  the  north  the  formation  is 
only  a  few  feet  thick,  as  shown  in  the  section  at  Warsaw.  Toward  the 
south,  however,  this  gradually  increases  to  a  maximum  of  125  feet  in 
the  southern  half  of  its  outcropping  area.  On  the  bluffs  of  the  Missis- 
sippi east  of  Piasa  creek  in  Madison  county  the  following  section  of 
the  Salem  formation  has  been  measured  by  Weller:1 

Section  of  Mississippi  river  bluff  east  of  Piasa  creek, 

Feet. 

12.  Limestone,  thin  bedded,  very  fine  in  texture,  of 
gray  or  yellowish  color;  beds  %  to  1  inch  thick, 

almost  shale-like  in  appearance 7 

11.     Talus-covered  slope 14 

10.  Limestone  of  variable  character,  some  beds  more 
magnesian  than  others,  most  beds  rather  thin  but 
some  1  foot  thick;  partly  covered  with  talus 10 

9.     Limestone,  gray  or  buff,   granular,  heavy  bedded, 

scaly,  weathered  surface;  fossils  abundant 11 

8.  Magnesian  limestone,  fine  grained,  gray  or  blue, 
similar  in  texture  to  the  cement-bed  formerly 
mined   near   Clifton , 2 

7.  Limestone,  with  coarse,  irregular  texture;  numer- 
ous crinoid  stems  and  bryozoans  showing  on  the 
weathered  surface 1 

6.     Magnesian  limestone,  yellowish,  impure  1 

5.  Limestone,  fine  grained,  granular,  gray  or  yellow- 
ish; good  fossils  not  common,  although  the  en- 
tire bed  is  composed  of  worn  organic  fragments     12 

4.     Limestone,  impure,    brownish,    more    or    less   thin 

bedded 3 

3.  Limestone,  crystalline,  yellowish,  granular,  with 
abundant  fossils,  of  which  some  are  well  pre- 
served            4% 

2.  Limestone,  similar  to  that  above  but  with  fossils 
less  perfectly  preserved;  occurs  in  two  ledges 
with  a  shaly  band  between   6% 

1.     Talus  slops  with  no  exposure 25 

The  beds  of  the  formation  vary  in  character,  especially  to  the  north, 
but  as  a  rule  the  limestones  are  comparatively  free  from  chert,  and 
throughout  their  extent  some  of  them  are  nearly  white  and  in  many 
places  oolitic  in  texture.  The  oolitic  beds  are  similar  to  the  famous 
Bedford  limestone  of  Indiana  with  which  they  are  correlated.  In  some 
places  the  limestone  is  magnesian   and   suited  to  the  manufacture   of 


i  The  Salem  limestone:    Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  8,  p.  91 


70  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

natural  cement,  as  at  Clifton  Terrace  in  Madison  county.  At  Sugar- 
loaf  school-house  in  the  western  end  of  St.  Clair  county  an  old  mine 
formerly  yielded  limestone  for  this  purpose.  Some  of  the  limestones 
are  pure  enough  for  Portland  cement,  as  shown  in  the  table  by  the 
analysis  of  a  sample  (C21&),  taken  from  an  outcrop  near  Versailles, 
Brown  county. 

ST.    LOUIS   LIMESTONE. 

The  St.  Louis  limestone  is  generally  considerably  darker  than  the 
Salem.  The  beds  vary  from  comparatively  pure  limestone  to  shaly  or 
magnesian  limestone  and  shale,  but  the  formation  is  particularly  char- 
acterized by  brecciated  beds  and  others  of  bluish-gray  limestone  with 
conchoidal  fracture  and  texture,  almost  like  that  of  lithographic  stone. 
Brecciated  beds  are  inconspicuous  or  absent  south  of  St.  Louis.  The 
amount  of  chert  is  exceedingly  variable.  In  the  river  bluffs  north  of 
Alton  but  little  occurs ;  in  other  regions,  however,  cherty  zones  are  more 
or  less  conspicuous,  although  nowhere  so  abundant  as  in  parts  of  the 
Burlington  and  Keokuk  limestones. 

The .  St.  Louis,  like  the  Salem,  is  only  a  few  feet  thick  at  Warsaw 
but  in  the  south  reaches  a  thickness  of  250  feet  or  more.  A  composite 
section  measured  by  Weller  in  the  quarries  and  bluffs  north  of  Alton 
shows  the  entire  thickness  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone  in  this  region 
together  with  portions  of  the  formations  above  and  below  it. 

'  Section  north  of  Alton. 

,     Ste.  Genevieve. 

Feet. 

26.     Sandstone,  cross  bedded 20 

25.     Sandstone,  somewhat  conglomeritic   6 

24.     Sandstone,  fine  grained,  cross  bedded    18 

23.     Limestone,   white 4 

St.  Louis. 

22.     Limestone    . . . 7 

21.     Limestone,  brown,  arenaceous  *, iy2 

20.     Limestone,  with  numerous  chert  bands 20 

19.     Limestone,  rather  heavy  bedded,  blue 11 

18.     Limestone,  hard,  blue   17 

17.     Limestone,  thin  bedded,  shaly  partings  5 

16.     Limestone,   hard,   pure,   blue,   upper   3   feet  brown 

in  places    26 

15.     Limestone  with  shaly  partings 2 

14.     Limestone,  hard,  blue  8 

13.     Limestone,    brecciated    19 

12.     Limestone,  gray  to  buff,  becoming  somewhat  thin 

bedded  above   22 

11.     Limestone,  brown   2% 

10.     Limestone,  dense,  gray,  with  numerous  sections  of 

brachiopods  on  the  weathered  surface  2 

9.     Limestone,  in  1-inch  layers,  gray,  locally  brownish, 

ripple-marked  surface,  2  feet  from  bottom  22y2 


LINES]  STEATIGEAPHY    OF    CEMENT   MATEEIALS.  71 

Feet. 
8.     Limestone,   heavy   bedded    below,    thinner    bedded 

above  (Top  of  quarry)    17 

7.     Limestone,   yellow,   earthy,   probably  magnesian ...       4 
6.     Limestone,  impure,  thick  and  thin  beds,  some  shaly 
layers;   6  inches  of  blue,  clay  shale  at  base.     To- 
wards the   top   the.  beds  become   thicker,    hard, 

dense   limestone 13 

5.     Limestone,  impure,  very  cherty,  somewhat  earthy, 

yellowish,  probably  magnesian    13 

4.     Magnesian  (?)   limestone,  shaly  below  3 

3.     Limestone,  dense,  cherty  5 

2.     Limestone,  similar  to  that  below,  but  more  dense, 

a  little  darker,  with  some  hard  masses  and  chert       8 

Salem. 

1.     Limestone,  light  gray,  granular,  with  abundant  fos- 
sils in  pockets  and  bands;  no  chert 18 

Nos.  2  to  12  of  the  section  represent  the  exposure  in  the  quarry  of 
the  Blue  Grass  Crusher  Company;  Nos.  13  to,  17  in  the  Armstrong 
quarry;  and  Nos.  18  to  22  in  the  quarry  of  the  Alton  Lime  and  Cement 
Company  and  the  Watson  quarry.  The  purest  limestones  of  the  St. 
Louis  formation  occur  in  the  portion  represented  by  Nos.  13  to'  22  of 
the  section. 

At  a  number  of  localities  samples  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone  have 
been  collected  and  analyzed  by  the  Survey,  and  most  of  them  prove  to 
be  good  Portland-cement  material.  Some  of  the  analyses  are  found 
in  later  tables  under  N-os.  C  34/  37,  and  40. 

STE.    GENEVIEVE    LIMESTONE.      '     ,t 

The  Ste.  Genevieve  limestone  closely  resembles  the  St.  Louis,  and 
formerly  was  not  separated  from  it.  In  this  formation,  however,  there 
appears  a  recurrence  to  a  notable  extent  of  the  oolitic  phase  and  of  the 
fossils  of  the  Salem  limestone.  The  base  of  the  Ste.  Genevieve  is  so 
similar  to  the  St.  Louis  that  it  is  not  everywhere  possible  to  draw  a 
sharp  line  between  them.  In  Monroe  county  at  least  the  two  formations 
are  easily  differentiated. 

On  the  Ohio  river  at  Fairview  Point  in  Hardin  county  an  outcrop 
of  the  upper  beds  of  the  formation  was  measured  by  Weller  as  follows: 

Section  at  Fairview  Point. 

Feet. 
6.     Limestone  and  shale,  not  exposed,  limestone  ledge  at 

bottom 42 

5.     Limestone  and  shale,  not  well  exposed 15 

4.     Limestone 8 

3.     Shale,   fossiliferous 7 

2.    Limestone 29 

1.     Sandstone   (Rosiclare)    16 

The  analysis  of  a  composite  sample  of  all  the  limestone  exposed  is 
shown  in  the  table  as  W  330. 


72    .  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

CYPRESS    SANDSTONE. 

The  Cypress  sandstone  is  a  fine-grained,  yellowish-brown  sandstone, 
rather  thinly  bedded  above.  Its  base  is  the  dividing  plane  between  the 
lower  or  calcareous  portion  of  the  Mississippian  and  the  upper,  with 
prevailing  arenaceous  beds.  The  formation  is  present  in  St.  Clair,  Mon- 
roe, and  Randolph  counties,  and  again  in  Union,  Johnson,  Pope,  and 
Hardin  counties.  Its  thickness  varies  from  about  75  to  150  feet.  It 
is  barren  of  cement-making  material. 

BIRDSVILLE  AND  TRIBUNE  FORMATIONS. 

The  Birdsville  and  Tribune  are  composed  of  an  alternating  series  of 
three  limestones  and  three  sandstones  or  shales  with  a  total  thickness  of 
about  500  feet.  The  name  "Chester"  has  been  commonly  applied  to 
these  formations  but  is  now  reserved  for  the  larger  unit  comprising 
these  beds  and  the  underlying  Cypress  sandstone;  the  Ste.  Genevieve 
may  ultimately  be  included  also. 

The  Birdsville  and  Tribune  as  a  whole  are  prevailingly  arenaceous, 
the  limestones  forming  only  one-fifth  to  one-third  of  their  thickness. 
With  the  limestones,  however,  shale  beds  are  associated  in  such  propor- 
tions as  to  furnish  material  suited  to  Portland-cement  manufacture. 
The  limestones  reach  their  maximum  development  in  the  Chester  region. 
A  section  measured  by  Weller  in  the  river  bluff  near  Menard  is  as  fol- 
lows: 

Section  near  Menard. 

Feet. 
9.     Shale  beds,   exposed   more   or   less  continuously   in 

bank  of  creek 17 

8.     Limestone,  with  occasional  cherty  bands 27 

7.     Limestone  ledges    27 

6.     Shales,  exposed  more  or  less  continuously  .  43 

5.     Limestone  ledges,  more  or  less  thin  bedded 7 

4.     More  or  less  talus  covered,  probably  shale  or  shaly 

beds 32 

3.     Talus   covered    12 

2.     Limestone    60 

1.     Limestone   talus 40 

Analyses  giving  the  composition  of  the  limestones  numbered  2 
and  8  in  the  section  are  shown  in  the  later  table  as  W  208  and  209. 
As  shown  by  the  analyses  these  limestones  would  make  good  Portland- 
cement  material,  and  probably  a  correct  mixture  could  be  made  by  the 
addition  of  shale  from  the  same  section.  The  favorable  stripping  condi- 
tions and  convenience  of  transportation  suggests  this  location  as  favor- 
able for  a  cement  plant. 

Another  promising  location  in  this  same  formation  is  at  Limestone 
Hill,  west  of  Golconda,  in  Pope  county.  On  the  Illinois  Central  rail- 
road at  this  point  is  an  exposure  of  100  feet  or  more  of  limestone  and 
shale.  Analyses  of  the  limestone  are  given  in  a  later  table  as  W  319 
and  321. 


lines]  stratigraphy  of  cement  materials.  73 

Pennsylvanian  System. 

The  formations  of  the  Pennsylvanian  epoch  are  the  surface  rocks 
everywhere  except  in  the  extreme  south  and  in  the  counties  for  which 
the  lower  formations  have  been  already  described.  They  contain  all 
the  coal-bearing  rocks  in  the  State,  many  of  the  known  oil  pools,  prac- 
tically all  of  the  fire  clays,  most  of  the  paving-brick  shales,  and  some 
of  the  purest  limestones.  Despite  the  great  economic  importance  of 
these  rocks  much  geological  work  needs  to  be  done  in  correlating  the 
beds.  The  limestones  are  important  horizon  markers  and  are  econom- 
ically important  but  occur  as  comparatively  thin  and  infrequent  beds. 

As  stated  several  times  in  these  reports,  the  First  Geological  Survey 
numbered  the  Illinois  coals,  beginning  with  No.  1  at  the  bottom  and 
including  No.  16  at  the  top.  While,  for  the  most  part,  the  correlations 
were  correct  from  place  to  place,  a  number  of  serious  errors  were  made, 
so  that  it  is  no  longer  desirable  to  use  numbers  except  in  a  local  sense. 
Similarly,  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  were  early  divided  at  the  Carlinville 
limestones  into  Upper  and  Lower  "Coal  Measures,"  but  this  division 
has  ceased  to  be  useful.  In  order  to  determine  the  best  horizon-markers 
and  the  most  useful  formation  units  for  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ken- 
tucky, which  comprise  the  Eastern  Interior  Coal  Basin,  correlation 
studies  have  been  made  during  the  last  four  years,  particularly  by  Mr. 
David  White  of  the  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey.  He  has  determined  by 
means  of  fossil  plants  that  the  rocks  below  the  Murphysboro  coal  (Coal 
No.  2)  belong  to  the  same  age  as  those  which  are  called'  "Pottsville"  in 
the  east.  Furthermore,  those  over  this  coal  reaching  up  to  and  includ- 
ing the  Herrin  coal  (No.  6),  and  probably  No.  7  of  the  Danville  area, 
•correspond  in  age  with  the  Allegheny  formation.  Presumably  the  rocks 
higher  than  No.  6  or  No.  7  are  post-Allegheny,  but  the  division  line 
has  not  yet  been  determined. 

The  formation  units  and  names  now  adopted  in  cooperation  by  the 
State  Geological  Survey  and  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  are  referred  to 
in  ascending  order,  as  follows: 

pottsville  formation. 

The  lowest  Pennsylvania  rocks,  extending  up  to  the  base  of  the 
Murphysboro  coal  (No.  2,  Colchester,  or  "Third  Vein"  coal),  are  pre- 
vailingly sandy  in  character  and  correspond  to  the  Pottsville  formation 
of  the  East.  In  the  western  and  northwestern  portions  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian area  in  Illinois  the  Pottsville  includes,  commonly,  one  coal  and 
a  few  feet  of  limestone,  clay,  shale,  and  sandstone,  which  rest  uncon- 
formably  upon*  the  Mississippian.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 
however,  the  Pottsville  rocks  are  as  much  as  700  feet  thick1  and  include 
a  number  of  thin  coals.  The  limestone  at  the  top  of  the  Pottsville 
occurs  in  the  western  counties  as  lenses,  bowlders,  or  extended  beds 
sometimes  15  feet  or  more  thick.  This  limestone  lies  immediately 
above  or  locally  in  the  stoneware  clays  of  this  region. 


DeWolf,  Frank  W.,  Studies  of  Illinois  Coal:    Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  16,  p  179. 


74  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

CARBONDALE   FORMATION. 

Overlying  the  basal  formation  and  extending  from  the  bottom  of  the 
Murphysboro  Coal  (No.  2)  to  the  top  of  the  Herrin  Coal  (No.  6  or 
No.  7  locally),  occurs  a  series  of  shale,  sandstone,  coal,  and  limestone, 
comprising  the  Carbondale  formation.  This-  combines  the  units  for 
which  was  proposed  the  names  "La Salle"  and  "Petersburg."  The  forma- 
tion is  200  to  240  feet  thick  in  the  LaSalle  region  but  285  to  possibly 
460  feet  in  southern  counties.  It  contains  no  limestone  of  importance 
for  cement  manufacture. 

MCCLEANSBORO    FORMATION. 

The  Pennsylvanian  rocks  overlying  the  Herrin  coal  (No.  6)  form  the 
McLeansboro  formation  and  have  a  maximum  thickness  in  southeastern 
Illinois  of  about  1,000  feet.  From  275  to  350  feet  above  the  Herrin 
coal  is  a  limestone  of  considerable  stratigraphic  importance.  It  is  known 
in  Illinois  as  the  Carlinville1  limestone  and  was  considered  by  Worthen 
to  be  the  dividing  line  between  the  "Lower  Coal  Measures"  containing 
the  thick  coals,  and  the  "Upper  Coal  Measures"  containing  the  thin 
coals.  Outcrops  of  this  limestone  have  been  traced  from  LaSalle  to  the 
southeast  to  a  point  near  where  the  Wabash  river  enters  Illinois,  and 
to  the  southwest  to  Carlinville  in  Macoupin  county,  and  thence  to 
Nashville  in  Washington  county.  The  limestone  is  compact  and  hard, 
breaking  into  splintery  pieces,  and  is  generally  bluish-gray  or  brownish 
when  weathered.  It  tends  to  weather  into  beds  2%  or  3  inches  thick. 
The  maximum  thickness  of  the  bed  is  only  about  7  feet  so  that  its 
economic  value  is  limited  to  local  use. 

The  important  limestone  of  the  Pennsylvanian,  occurring  just  below 
the  Carlinville,  is  the  LaSalle  limestone,  and  is  at  present  the  only  bed 
in  the  State  that  is  being  used  with  shale  in  the  manufacture  of  Port- 
land cement.  The  occurrence  of  this  limestone  in  the  vicinity  of  LaSalle 
has  already  been  described  and  mapped  by  G-.  H.  Cady.2  On  Mr.  Cady's 
map  the  limestone  is  shown  to  occur  in  a  narrow  belt  paralleling  the 
Little  Vermilion  and  Vermilion  rivers  from  about  four  miles  north  of 
LaSalle  to  a  point  a  little  south  of  Bailey's  Falls.  LaSalle  itself  is 
situated  on  the  limestone,  which  also  extends  .some  distance  west  toward 
Peru.  The  typical  LaSalle  limestone  is  blue-gray  to  light-cream  color, 
compact,  and  has  a  rather  straight  fracture.  Weathering  gives  the  rock 
a.  fragmentary  appearance  and  causes  the  upper  harder  portion  to  over- 
hang the  lower  softer  portion.  This  feature  is  responsible  for  the  cas- 
cade at  Bailey's  Falls.  The  Limestone  varies  between  20  and  30  feet 
thick.  Between  the  two  beds  is  a  calcareous  shale  that  ia  from  8  inches 
to  31/2  feet  thick. 


1  A  discussion  of  the  various  other  names  applied  to  this  limestone  is  given  by  Jon  Udden,  notes  on 
Shoal  Creek  limestone:    Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  8,  pp.  118-129. 

2  Cement  making  materials  in  the  vicinity  of  LaSalle:  Bull.  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  No.  8,  pp.  130-134. 


LINES]  STRATIGRAPHY   OF    CEMENT   MATERIALS.     .  75 

A  section  in  the  quarry  of  the  Chicago  Portland  Cement  Company 
is  given  below,  and  analyses  of  beds  1,  4,  and  5  are  shown  in  later  tables 
under  E  6,  e,  o,  and  a. 

Section  of  quarry  of  Chicago  Portland  Cement  Company. 

Feet. 

5.     Limestone,  hard,  grey  (E  6a)   6  to  20 

4.     Limestone,   argillaceous,   weathering  into   shaly 

chips   (E  6&) 4  to    6 

3.     Limestone,  sandy,  separated  into  layers  by  thin 

shale   bands    2 

2.     Coal,   slaty    1 

1.     Shale,  blue-gray  (E  6e)   5  to    6 

Another  important  Pennsylvanian  limestone  outcrops  over  an  area 
of  less  than  two  square  miles  near  Fairmount  in  Vermilion  county.  This 
is  used  with  slag  by  the  Universal  Portland  Cement  Company  in  the 
manufacture  of  Portland  cement. 

Cretaceous  System. 

The  Cretaceous  system  is,  according  to  a  recent  survey,1  represented 
in  Illinois  by  the  Ripley  formation  in  Pulaski,  Massac,  and  Pope  coun- 
ties. The  beds  are  all  unconsolidated  sands  and  clays  ranging  from  20 
to  40  feet  thick,  and  lying  unconf ormably  upon  the  Paleozoic  formations. 

Tertiary  System. 

The  Tertiary  rocks  belong  to  the  Porters  Creek,  Lagrange,  and 
Lafayette  formations.  The  rocks  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Cretaceous 
formations  and  occur  in  the  same  counties.  Their  thickness  is  approxi- 
mately 150  feet. 

Quaternary  System. 

Throughout  the  greater  portion  of  the  State  the  older  rocks  are  more 
or  less  deeply  covered  by  glacial  deposits.  The  driftless  areas  are  con- 
fined to  portions  of  JoDaviess,  Stephenson,  Carroll,  and  southern  Cal- 
houn counties  and  to  the  counties  south  of  the  ridge  which  extends  from 
Grand  Tower  on  the  Mississippi  to  Elizabethtown  on  the  Ohio.  The 
Pleistocene  deposits  consist  of  unstratified  glacial  till,  stratified  sand 
and  gravel,  loess,  and  alluvium.  The  drift  in  southern  Illinois  is  com- 
monly not  more  than  30  feet  thick,  but  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State  it  is  in  places  150  feet  or  more  in  thickness. 

Summary. 

In  the  stratigraphic  succession  of  rocks  in  Illinois  from  oldest  to 
youngest,  the  limestones  becomes  less  and  less  prominent.  Limestone 
•comprises  nearly  one-half  of  the  total  thickness  of  the  Ordovician,  all 


1  Glenn,  L.  C,  Underground  Waters  of  Tenn.  and  Ky      U.  S.  G.  S.  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation 
Paper  No.  164,  pi.  1. 


76  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

of  the  Silurian,  and  considerable  portions  of  the  Devonian  and  Missis- 
sippian  rocks;  but  in  the  Pennsylvanian  limestones  are  inconspicuous. 
The  Ordovician  and  Silurian  limestones,  however,  are  mostly  magnesian, 
and  not  suited  to  Portland-cement  manufacture.  These  rocks  occupy 
all  the  northern  counties  in  the  State.  The  Devonian  rocks  contain 
calcareous  limestones  but  they  occupy  very  limited  areas  in  the  west 
and  south.  The  Mississippian  limestones  have  a  good  average  purity, 
and  outcrop  extensively  in  the  western  and  southern  counties.  The 
Pennsylvanian  limestones  are  usually  thin  and  only  locally  developed, 
but  some  of  the  local  occurrences,  notably  at  La  Salle  and  Fairmount, 
are  of  much  economic  importance. 


lines]  DESCKIPTIOISr   OF   LIMESTONE    SAMPLES.  77 


CHAPTER     V— DESCRIPTION     OF    LOCALITIES 

FROM  WHICH  LIMESTONE  SAMPLES 

WERE  COLLECTED. 

(Compiled  by  E.  F.  Lines.) 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  letters  appearing  in  the  sample  numbers  are  initials  of  members 
of  the  Survey,  and  indicate  the  geologists  who  collected  the  samples 
and  described  their  occurrence.  The  key  to  the  letters  is  as  follows: 
B=H.  F.  Bain;  Bu=E.  F.  Burchard;'  C=G.  H.  Cady;  t>==F.  W. 
DeWolf;  E=A.  J.  Ellis;  S=T.  E.  Savage;  U=Jon  Udden;  W=Stuart 
Welder: 

Samples  which  are  shown  by  the  chemical  analyses  to  be  suited  for 
use  in  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  are  marked  with  an  asterisk 
(*)  here  and  in  the  summary,  Table  I. 

ADAMS  COUNTY. 

C  15.  Location:  West  side  sec.  11,  T.  2  S.,  E.  9  W.  Geological 
formation,  Burlington.  Sample  taken  from  quarry  in  southern  part 
of  Quincy,  just  north  of  Wabash  Junction.  Limestone  very  flinty. 
There  are  a  number  of  quarries  along  the  river  bluff  which  expose  rock 
as  much  as  30  feet  thick. 

C  16.*  Location:  SW.  %,  sec.  26,  T.  1  S.,  E.  9  W.  Geological 
formation,  Keokuk.  Sample  of  a  flinty,  fossiliferous  limestone  taken 
from  river  bluff  north  of  Quincy. 

C  17.*  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  11,  T.  1  N.,  E.  7  W.  Geological 
formation,  Salem-.  Sample  taken  from  a  3-foot  outcrop  of  thin-bedded, 
fossiliferous  limestone,  5  miles  east  of  Mendon.  This  occurs  below  an 
outcrop  of  St.  Louis  limestone,  and  is  underlain  by  blue  clay. 


ALEXANDEE  COUNTY. 

D  42.*  Location:  Sec.  17,  T.  15  S.,  E.  3  W.  Geological  formation, 
Kimmswick.  Sample  taken  from  35-foot  outcrop  in  river  bluff  one.-half 
mile  south  of  Thebes.  The  outcrop  is  about  300  yards  long  and  could 
probably  be  worked  with  moderate  stripping  from  the  west  end  of  the 
bluff  to  the  north  and  northwest,  but  the  available  quantity  of  stone 
has  not  been  determined. 


78  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  IT 

BEOWN  COUNTY. 

C  18.*  Location:  SE'.  cor.  sec.  .6,  T.  2  S.,  E.  3  W.  Geological 
formation,  Salem.  Sample  from  3-foot  exposure  in  Dry  Ford  creek, 
5  miles  south  of  Mount  Sterling.  The  hill  here  rises  steeply  above 
the  stream  but  offers  fair  stripping  conditions.  A  generalized  section 
from  exposures  within  one-fourth  mile  along  the  stream  is  as  follows: 

Section  along  Dry  Ford  creek. 

Feet. 
5.     Limestone,  hard,  gray,  compact,  unfossiliferous,  non- 
flinty,   breaking  with   a   nearly   conchoidal   frac- 
ture   (C  18) 3 

4.  Clay,   blue 1% 

3.     Dolomite,  silicious,  good  quarry-stone  4% 

2.  Dolomite,  shaly,  greenish  white   1 

1.  Dolomite,  buff,  silicious   5 

C  19,  a,  b,  c*  Location:  NW.  %  sec.  18,  T.  2  S.,  E.  3  W.  Geo- 
logical formation,  Salem.  Samples  taken  at  or  near  quarry  on  land  of 
Joseph  Merservey,  7  miles  south  of  Mount  Sterling.  Stripping  condi- 
tions are  rather  favorable,  and  apparently  there  is  a  good  deal  of  rock. 
Measurements  are  as  follows : 

Section  7  miles  south  of  Mount  Sterling. 

Feet. 

3.  Limestone,    compact,    silicious,   buff,    non-flinty,    and 

unfossiliferous   (C  19a)    4 

2.  Limestone,  gray,  subcrystalline,  rather  silicious,  the 

silica  appearing  in  fine  grains  (C  19&) 4% 

1.  Dolomite,    fine   grained;    the    upper   4    feet   becomes 

fossiliferous  limestone  toward  the  north  (C  19c*)     20 

C  20.  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  26,  T.  2  S.,  E.  3  W.  Geologicaf forma- 
tion, Salem.     Sample  taken  in  ravine  3  miles  southwest  of  Versailles : 

Section  near  Versailles. 

Feet. 

5.  Limestone,  thin  bedded,  fossiliferous,  somewhat 

silicious  in  bands  (C  20) 10  to  15 

4.  Dolomite,   buff    4 

3.  Dolomite,   silicious;    and  shale    8 

2.  Dolomite,  buff,  rather  coarse  grained 4 

1.  Clay,  blue,  with  hard,  thin-bedded,  fossiliferous 

limestone  at  bottom 5  to  10 

C  21,  .&.*  Location:  NW.  %,  SE.  14,  sec.  20,  T.  2  S.,  E.  3  W. 
Geological  formation,  Salem.  Sample  from  outcrop  in  Surratt  Hollow, 
6  miles  west  of  Versailles.  For  about  1  mile  along  McGee  creek, 
and  running  about  one-half  mile  up  both  sides  of  the  ravine  known 
as  Surratt  Hollow  is  an  outcrop  of  about  10  feet  of  very  pure  limestone, 
On  the  Elijah  Surratt  farm  the  exposure  is  as  follows: 

Section  6  miles  west  of  Versailles. 

Feet. 

4.  Shale,   "Coal  measures"    4 

3.  Limestone,    hard,    compact,     unfossiliferous,     rather 

silicious     2 

2.  Conglomerate,  quartz  and  limestone   1 

1.     Limestone,  thin  bedded,  very  fossiliferous   (C  21&*)       9 


LINES]  DESCRIPTION   OF   LIMESTONE  SAMPLES.  79 

C  22.*  Location:  Sec.  17,  T.  2  S.,  E.  3  W.  Geological  formation,  Salem. 
Sample  from  a  quarry  on  the  farm  of  L.  M.  Surratt,  Surratt  Hollow. 

C  23.*  Location:  Sec.  18,  T.  2  S.,  E.  3  W.  Geological  formation, 
Salem.     Sample  taken  from  last  northern  exposure  in  Surratt  Hollow. 

C  24.*  Location:.  NE.  %,  sec.  20,  T.  2  S.,  E.  3  W.  Geological 
formation,  Salem.     Sample  from  road  outcrop. 

C  25.  Location:  NE.  %,  SE.  %,  sec.  3,  T.  2  S.,  E.  2  W.  Geo- 
logical formation,  Salem.  Sample  taken  from  3-foot  exposure  along 
the  road  3%  miles  northeast  of  Versailles.  The  limestone  varies  from 
subcrystalline,  thin  bedded,  to  fine  grained,  rather  silicious.  Along  the 
adjacent  stream  about  8  feet  of  silicious  dolomite  of  a  lower  horizon 
is  exposed,  but  no  limestone  shows  above. 

C  26.  Location:  SE.  cor.  sec.  15,  T.  1  K,  E.  2  W.  Geological 
formation,  Salem.  Sample  taken  from  5-foot  exposure  in  the  bed  of 
a  small  stream  on  the  west  side  of  the  road  between  Eipley  and  Coopers- 
town.  The  limestone  is  overlain  -by  a  ferruginous  "Coal  Measures" 
sandstone.  There  is  considerable  limestone  in  this  immediate  locality, 
mostly  in  the  heads  of  the  ravines.  The  "Coal  Measures"  strata  and 
drift  usually  overlie  it.     Stripping  conditions  are  fair. 

C  27.*  Location:  SE.  %,  SE.  %,  sec.  15,  T.  1  N.,  E.  2  W.  Geo- 
logical formation,  Salem  and  St.  Louis.  Sample  taken  from  outcrop 
in  east  branch  of  creek  about  1  mile  north  of  Cooperstown.  Stripping 
conditions  are  rather  favorable.  A  general  section  of  exposures  along 
the  stream  is  as  follows : 

Section  1  mile  north  of  Cooperstown.    u 

•    ■  'Feet. 
7.     Limestone,    fine    grained,    brecciated,    non-flinty,    un- 

fossiliferous     3 

6.     Limestone,  fine  grained,  buff,  silicious   1 

5.  Limestone,    hard,    compact,    bluish,    much    like    that 

found  at  top 4 

4.  Clay,  blue y2 

3.  Limestone,  silicious  and  argillaceous v: . ..."       8 

2.  Dolomite,  bluish ;  .V.  x  ■;•.* . . . .  ;:*      8 

1.  Dolomite,  buff ... ..    ,    8 

Sample  includes  5  to  7  of  section. 

C  28.*  Location:  SW.  %,  sec.  4,  T.  1  N.,  E.  2  W.  ^Geological, 
formation,  St.  Louis.  Sample  taken  on  Logan  creek,  east  of  the  bridge 
on  Eipley-Cooperstown  road.  Stripping  conditions  are  rather  favorable, 
the  limestone  ledge  being  near  the  top  of  the  hill. 

Section  on  Logan  creek.  ■'        -      ^  ■  ' 

Feet. 

6.  Fire  clay .^.. .. 

5.  Sandstone    ...:.. ; 1 

4.  Limestone,  hard,  compact,  fine  textured,  unfossilifer- 

ous,  non-flinty,  and  of  conchoidal  fracture  .......       1 

3.  Limestone,    yellowish,    silicious,    fine    grained,    non- 

flinty,  unfossiliferous    : y2 

2.  Limestone  breccia,   (limestone  pieces  like  No.  4)    . .       6 
1.     Dolomite,  silicious,  argillaceous,  bluish,  intercalated 

with  blue   clay    7 

Sample  includes  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4  of  section. 


80  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

BUREAU  COUNTY. 

C  11,  a,  b.  Location:  SW.  %,  NE.  %,  sec.  33,  T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E. 
Geological  formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone) .  Sample  taken 
from  outcrop  in  gully  west  of  Spring  Valley. 

Section-  near  Spring  Valley. 

Feet. 
6.     Limestone,   fine   grained,    irregular  bedded,   lower   3 

feet  fossiliferous  (C  11a)   8 

5.     Shale,  blue,  compact 2% 

4.     Shale,  hard,  almost  limestone 2 

3.  Shale,  black  or  dark  blue 2 

2.  Limestone,  fossiliferous,  crinoidalj  gray 1 

1.  Shale,  black,  compact   4 

A  little  to  the  southwest  of  the  above  outcrop  a  quarry  shows  8  feet 
of  fine-grained,  compact,  hard,  grayish  limestone  which  breaks  into 
sharp  pieces,  and  contains  some  fossils  (C  11,  b).  It  belongs  above 
No.  5  of  section. 

E1  15,  a,  &.*  Location:  Sec.  31,  T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone).  Sample  taken  from 
exposure  in  bed  of  small  creek  just  east  of  Marquette. 

Section  near  Marquette. 

Feet. 

4.  Limestone,  light  blue,  containing  few  fossils  (E  15a)       iy2 

3.  Shale,  blue  (E  156*)    7 

2.  Limestone,  impure,  sandy  and  shaly   1 

1.     Shale 


CLARK  COUNTY. 

S  9.*  Location:  NE,  %,  sec.  28,  T.  10  1ST.,  R.  14  W.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (Quarry  Creek  limestone).  Sample  taken  from 
quarry  2%  miles  southeast  of  Casey.  This  limestone  outcrops  up  the 
creek  from  the  quarry  for  nearly  a  mile,  with  an  aggregate  thickness 
of  20  to  28  feet. 

.    Section  near  Casey. 

Feet. 
3.     Limestone,  hard,  gray,  containing  numerous  fossils 

and  having  a  rough,  splintery  fracture 2% 

2.     Limestone,  thin  layers,   (1  to  3  inches),  very  hard, 

gray,  with  partings  of  shale  4 

1.     Limestone,    hard,    gray,    shelly,   with    rough,    hackly 

fracture,  in  12-  to  36-inch  layers 8% 

S  51,  a*  c*  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  6,  T.  11  N.,  R.  11  W.  Geo- 
logical formation,   McLeansboro   (Quarry   Creek   limestone).      S»~vpk* 


MNES]  DESCRIPTION    OF    LIMESTONE    SAMPLES.  81 

were  taken  from  quarry  near  new  concrete  bridge  of  the  Big  Four 
railroad  across  Big  creek.  The  crushed  stone  for  the  concrete  of  the 
bridge  was  taken  from  this  quarry. 

Section  on  Big  creek. 

Feet. 
3.     Limestone,    brittle,    gray,    fossiliferous,    imperfectly 
separated   into   irregular   1-  to   2-inch   layers   for 
about  two  feet  from  the  top;    the  rest  massive, 
with  very  rough  fracture  (S  51a*)   8 

2.  Shale,  bluish  gray,  without  fossils  4% 

1.  Limestone,    hard,    gray,    subcrystalline,    with    few 

shells,  in  imperfect  layers  18  to  24  inches  thick 

(S  51c*)    5% 

S  52,  a*  &.*  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  29,  T.  11  K,  E.  11  W.  Geo- 
logical formation,  McLeansboro.  Sample  taken  in  Frederick  Stump's 
quarry,  2  miles  east  and  1  mile  south  of  Marshall. 

Section  southeast  of  Marshall. 

Feet. 

3.  Limestone,  hard,  gray,   showing  imperfect  layers   8 

to  14  inches  thick  (S  52a*)    5 

2.  Limestone,  hard,  gray,  in  imperfect  layers  4  to  12 

inches  thick  (S  52o*)    5% 

1.  Nodular  calcareous  layers  1  to  3  inches  thick,  alter- 
nating with  bands  of  gray  shale  2  to  4  inches 
thick,  the  lowermost  12  inches  being  a  true  shale.  4 
Some  rods  west  of  this  quarry  layers  of  hard  gray 
limestone  outcrop  to  about  6  feet  above  No.  3  of 
section. 


COLES  COUNTY. 

S  3.*  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  5,  T.  12  JST.,  R.  10  E.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro.  Sample  taken  from  18-foot  exposure  near 
Charleston.  There  are  large  quantities  of  this  limestone  situated  favor- 
ably for  quarrying. 


EDGAR  COUNTY. 

Bu  2.*  Location:  KB.  %,  sec.  3,  T.  15  N.,  R.  12  W.  Geological 
formation,  McLemnsboro.  Sample  taken  from  old  quarry  on  property 
of  David  Tucker  and  George  Triplet,  three-fourths  mile  southwest  of 
Cherry  Point,  The  limestone  is  brittle,  fine  grained,  and  streaked  with 
calcite.  The  outcrop  is  in  the  former  bed  of  Bruellette  creek,  which 
was  filled  with  water  when  visited.  The  rock  is  exposed  in  Bruellette 
creek  and  appears  to  dip  slightly  southwest,  It  is  reported  to  be  12 
feet  thick  where  not  thinned  by  erosion,  but  is  only  5  feet  thick  at  one 
end  of  the  quarry.  There  is  said  to  be  15  acres  of  rock  still  available, 
under  an  overburden  of  8  to  20  feet,  mainly  of  soil  and  clay. 

—6  G 


82  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  IT 

.S,  50r^*c*    Location:     SE.  %  of  NE.  %,  see.  10,  T.  14  N.,  E.  11 
W.,  1  mile  east  of  Baldwinsville.    Geological  formation,*  McLeansb or o. 

Section  near  Baldwinsville. 

Feet. 

4.  Limestone,  hard,  gray,  sub  crystalline,  fossilifer- 
ous,  weathering  into  very  rough-surfaced 
layers  2  to  4  inches  thick,  and  breaking  with 
rough,  hackly  fracture  (S  50a*)    5      to  7 

3.  Shale,  gray  or  bluish  gray;  in  the  lower  half  are 
bands  of  limestone  1  to  2  inches  thick,  be- 
tween layers  of  shale  of  about  the  same  thick- 
ness     , 3y2  to  4 

2.  Limestone,  hard,  bluish  gray,  in  8-  to  18-inch 
layers,  weathering  into  imperfect  layers  2  to 
5  inches  thick  (S  50c*)    6 

1.     Shale,  grayish,  exposed    2 

The  fossils  and  section  of  this  limestone  are  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  the  Charleston  limestone 
in  Coles  county. 


HANCOCK  COUNTY. 

C  38.  Location:  Sec.  30,  T.  5  N.,  E.  8  W.  Geological  formation, 
Keokuk.  Sample  taken. from  a  small  qnarry  about  one-half  mile  north 
of  railroad  station  at  Hamilton  where  the  street  car  line  turns  up  the 
bluff.  The  exposure  -shows  about  9  feet  of  flinty  limestone,  the  upper 
4!/>  feet  of  which  is  somewhat  argillaceous  and  less  flinty. 

C  40.*  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  14,  T.  7  N.,  E.  8  W.  Geological 
formation,  St.  Louis.  Sample  from  a  10-foot  outcrop  of  St.  Louis  con- 
glomerate in  a  gully  near  Niota.  In  places  the  bed  is  rather  regular, 
and  the  conglomeratic  character  not  evident.  The  rock  is  very  fine 
grained,  even  textured,  hard  and  unfossiliferous.  Where  the  bed  is 
conglomeratic  the  gray  limestone  is  mixed  with  a  buff  dolomite,  the 
pieces  being  broken  roughly  and  cemented  by  an  argillaceous  cement, 
which  looks  much  like  the  buff  dolomite.  Flint  occurs  with  the  dolo- 
mite and  limestone.  The  sample,  represents  6  feet  of  an  even-bedded 
portion  of  the  limestone.  Below  the  limestone  is  a  green,  silicious  shale 
of  varying  hardness. 

C  41.*  Location:  SE1.  14,  sec.  16,  T.  7  N.,  E.  8  W.  Geological 
formation,  Keokuk.  Sample  taken  from  a  4-foot  outcrop  about  one- 
fourth  mile  west  of  the  iron  bridge  south  of  Niota  on  the  Prairie  road 
to  Nauvoo.    The  limestone  is  hardly  thick  enough  for  practical  use. 

C  42.  Location:  SE.  cor.  sec.  12,  T.  6  N.,  E:  8  W.  Geological 
formation,  Keokuk.  Sample  taken  in  a  ravine  about  2  miles  south  of 
Nauvoo,  where  the  river  road  goes  up  to  the  prairie.  At  the  mouth 
of  the  ravine  an  outcrop  of  very  flinty  limestone  occurs  in  a  cliff  about 
30  feet  high.  About  one-half  mile  up  the  ravine  is  an  outcrop  of  :\i 
geode  bed  which  is  underlain  by  5  feet  of  almost  non-flinty  limestone, 
from  which  the  sample  was  taken. 


UNES]  DESCRIPTION"    OF   LIMESTONE   SAMPLES.  83 

HAEDIN  COUNTY. 

W  322.  Location:  SW.  %,  sec.  27,  T.  12  S.,  E.  8  Bf.  Geological 
formation,  St.  Louis.  Sample  taken  from  quarry  at  mouth  of  Big  creek, 
Jacks  Point,  about  one-half  mile  below  Elizabethtown.  About  50  feet 
-of  limestone  is  exposed  in  the  quarry. 

W  330.*  Location:  SW.  i/4,  sec.  5,  T.  13  S.,  E.  8  E1..  Geological 
formation,  Ste.  Genevieve. 

Section  along  Ohio  river  at  Fairview  Point. 

Feet. 

Sandstone,  cypress   40 

7.     Limestone  and  shale  not.  exposed  42 

6.     Limestone  ledge    

Limestone  and  shale  not  well  exposed 15 

Limestone 8 

3.     Shale,   fossiliferous 7 

2.     Limestone     29 

Sandstone,    Rosiclare    16 

Sample  is  a  composite  of  all  the  limestones  in  the 
section. 


HENDEESON  COUNTY. 

C  39.*  Location:  Sec.  22,  T.  8  N.,  E.  6  W.  Lomax,  111.  Geo- 
logical formation,  Burlington  or  Keokuk.  Sample  taken  from  a  few  small 
outcrops  along  the  bed  of  the  ravine  southeast  of  the  house  on  farm 
of  0.  E.  Lowry.  Some  stone  for  building  has  been  taken  from  here, 
but  the  quarry  has  since  caved  in  and  no  longer  offers  a  good  exposure. 
No  flints  were  found  in  this  place,  but  in  the  bed  of  the  ravine  there 
were  many  that  probably  came  from  the  limestone.  The  outcrop  is 
overlain  by  about  75  feet  of  loess. 


JACKSON  COUNTY. 

S  5,  £.*  Location:  NE.  %,  sec.  25,  T.  10  S.,  E  4  W.  Geological 
formation,  Onondaga.  Sample  taken  from  an  abandoned  quarry  about 
one  block  south  of  the  railway  station  at  Grand  Tower.  About  15  feet 
of  limestone,  in  %-  to  1%-foot  layers  is  exposed  with  no  overburden. 
Sample  represents  the  entire  exposure. 

S  57,  a*  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  25,  T.  10  S.,  E.  4  W.  Geological 
formation,  New  Scotland.  South  end  of  D'evil's  Backbone,  Jackson 
township.  Sample  taken  from  an  old  quarry  a  short  distance  north 
of  the  coal  switch  at  Grand  Tower. 

Section  near  Grand  Tower. 

Feet. 

2.     Chert  layers  2  to  4  inches  thick  . . . . 20 

1.     Limestone,  gray,  subcrystalline,  somewhat  crinoidal, 

and  fossiliferous  in  the  upper  half  (S.  57,  a*) ... .     48 


84  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

JOHNSON  COUNTY. 

D  16,*  17.*     Location:     Sec.  1,  T.  14  S.,  E.  2  E.,  on  Big  Four  rail- 
road near  Belknap.     Geological  formation,  Ste.   Genevieve. 

Section  at  Belknap. 

Feet. 

8.     Sandstone 25 

7.     Unexposed    5 

6.     Limestone,  coarse  (D  16*)   18 

5.     Unexposed;    showing  both  limestone  and   sandstone 

debris    . . . 20 

4.  Limestone;    coarse,    compact    and    oolite    varieties; 

old  quarry  (D  17*)    15 

3.  Sandstone,  calcareous   18 

2.  Limestone     15 

1.  Concealed  to  railroad   25 

W  304.*    Location:    SW.  %,  sec.  5,  T.  14  S.,  E.  2  E-,  in  Cache  Eiver 
bluff  5  miles  west  of  Belknap.     Geological  formation,  Ste.  Genevieve. 

Section  along  Cache  river. 

Feet. 

5.  Sandstone  10 

4.  Limestone    53 

3.  Limestone,  oolitic   2 

2.  Limestone  5 

1.     Talus  slope,  perhaps  underlaid  by  limestone   55 

Sample  includes  2  to  4  of  section. 

.  W  308.*  Location:  Middle  of  W.  %,  sec.  16,  T.  13  S.,  E.  3  E. 
Geological  formation,  "Chester/'  Sample  taken  from  a  limestone  expos- 
ure of  30  feet  or  more.  The  top  of  the  hill  is  capped  with  heavy  ledges 
of  sandstone.  The  limestone  was  formerly  quarried  and  burned  for 
lime. 


LA  SALLE  COUNTY. 

C  2,  a*  c*  d*  Location:  Sec.  15,  T.  33  N.,  E.  3  E.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone).  Samples  taken  from 
quarry  of  German- American  Portland  Cement  Company.  (See  also 
E  1,  a,  I,  c.) 

(1)  Section  of  quarry  of  German- American  Portland  Cement  Co. 

Feet. 
4.     Limestone,  fine  grained,  crystalline,  thin  and  loosely 

bedded   (C  2a*)    5 

3.     Clay,  bluish  gray 3 

2.     Limestone,  thin  bedded,  gray,  crystalline  (C  2c*) 6 

1.     Limestone,  somewhat    heavier    bedded,    bluish,    fine 

grained,  semi-crystalline  (C  2eZ*)   4 

Under  1  of  section,  but    not    quarried,    is    a    hard,  . 
black  clay  bed. 


LINES]  DESCRIPTION    OF    LIMESTONE   SAMPLES.  85 

C  3,'ff,*  h*  d*  Location:  Sec.  6,  T.  32  N.,  E.  2  E.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone).  Sample  taken  from  mine 
of  Marquette  Portland  Cement  Company,  one-half  mile  south  of  Deer 
Park. 

Section  near  Deer  Park. 

Feet. 

8.     Limestone,  compact,  crystalline  (C  3a*)    6 

7.     Parting;  the  roof  of  most  of  the  mine  

6.  Limestone,  compact,  crystalline  (C  3&*)    6 

5.  Clay,  bluish  gray   1 

4.  Limestone,  crystalline  (C  3d*)    6 

3.  Parting;  floor  of  most  of  the  mine 

2.  Limestone,  white 2 

1.  Clay,  black,  hard,  containing  a  3-inch  seam  of  coal. .     10 
No.  1  of  section  used  for  clay  supply. 

C  9.*  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  11,  T.  33  N.,  E.  1  E.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone) .  Sample  taken  from  lime- 
stone ledge  along  Little  Vermilion  river  one-half  mile  north  of  LaSalle. 
Stripping  conditions  are  excellent. 

Section  along  Little  Vermilion  river. 

Feet. 

7.  Limestone,  f ossilif erous   4 

6.  Clay  and  limestone  in  thin  beds,  fossiliferous 6 

5.  Limestone,  non-fossiliferous   iy2 

4.  Clay  and  limestone,  non-fossiliferous  % 

3.  Limestone,  heavy  bedded,  compact 5 

2.  Limestone,  thin  bedded,  clayey 5 

1.  Clay,  blue    

Sample  is  composite  of  all  the  limestone  in  the  sec- 
tion. 

C  10.*  Location:  SE.  %,  sec.  34,  T.  34  N.,  E.  1  E.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone.)  Sample  taken  from  an 
outcrop  in  a  gully  at  LaSalle.  This  is  the  northernmost  good  outcrop 
of  limestone  on  Little  Vermilion  river.  It  is  along  the  west  bluff  and 
has  an  overburden  of  5  to  10  feet  of  drift. 

Section  at  LaSalle. 

Feet 

4.  Limestone,  thin  bedded,  mixed  with  clay 5% 

3.  Clay  and  fossiliferous  limestone  2 

2.  Limestone,  heavy  bedded,  unf  ossilif  erous 8 

1.  Limestone  and  clay  with  few  fossils  4 

Sample  includes  1  to  4. 

C  12,  a*  b.  Location:  Near  center  sec.  6,  T.  32  N.,  E.  2  E.  Geo- 
logical formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone).  Sample  taken 
from  limestone  ledge  at  Bailey's  Falls,  south  of  LaSalle.  The  limestone 
dips  to  the  west  and  disappears  about  one-half  mile  east  of  the  falls. 

Section  at  Bailey's  Falls. 

Feet. 

3.  Limestone,    hard,    gray,    massive,    weathering    thin 

bedded  (C  12a*)   10 

2.  Clay  and  fossiliferous  limestone  2% 

1.     Limestone  (C  126)     4 


86  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

C  13.  Location:  SW.  %,  sec.  30,  T.  33  K,  E.  1  E.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone).  Sample  taken  from 
exposure  in  a  gully  in  the  south  bluff  of  Illinois  river  west  of  Peru. 

Section  along  Illinois  river. 

Feet. 

3.  Limestone,  ferruginous;  and  pebble  conglomerate  ..       2 

2.  Clay,  light  bluish  green,  calcareous 2 

1.  Limestone,    bluish    green,    with    considerable    clay 

(C13) 4 

C  14,  a,  b.  Location:  SW.  cor.  sec.  8,  T.  33  N.,  E.  2  E.  Geological 
formation.  Lower  Magnesian  limestone.  Sample  taken  from  quarry  of 
the  Illinois  Hydraulic  Cement  Manufacturing  Company,  west  of  Utica. 
The  limestone  used  for  cement  comes  from  two  beds.  The  upper  one 
is  6  to  8  feet  thick  (C  14,  m)  ;  and  the  lower,  22  feet  below,  is  12  to  14 
feet  thick  (C  14,  b). 

E1  1,  a*  b,  c.  Location :  SE,  %,  NW.  %,  sec.  14,  T.  33  N.,  E.  1  E. 
Geological  formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone).  Sample  from 
quarry  of  the  German- American  Portland  Cement  Company,  LaSalle. 
(See  also  C  2,  a,  c,  d.) 

(2)  Section  in  quarry  of  German- American  Portland  Cement  Company. 

Feet. 

4.  Limestone,  hard,  gray,  in  places  crinoidal,  and  also 

bearing  numerous  other  fossils  (E  la)   6% 

3.  Shale,  bluish  gray,  without  fossils  (E16)   Zy2 

2.  Limestone,  gray,  argillaceous  in  places,  and  imper- 

fectly separated  by  thin  bands  of  shale  into  3-  to 
12-inch  layers  (E  lc)    6% 

1.  Limestone,  argillaceous,  gray,  weathering  into  small 

shaly  chips   (E  Id)    5 

E  3.  Location:  Utica.  Geological  formation,  Lower  Magnesian 
limestone.  Sample  taken  from  quarry  car  at  plant  of  Illinois  Hydraulic 
Cement  Company. 

E  6,  a*  &:*  Location:  SE.  %,  sec.  25/ T.  33  K,  E.  1  E.  Geo- 
logical formation,  McLeansboro  (LaSalle  limestone).  Sample  taken 
from  quarry  of  Chicago  Portland  Cement  Company,  one-half  mile 
northeast  of  Oglesby  on  Vermilion  river. 

Section  near  Oglesby. 

Feet. 

5.  Limestone,  hard,  gray,  non-fossiliferous   (E  6a*)     6  to  20 

4.  Limestone,   argillaceous,   weathering  into   shaly 

chips;  contains  fossils  (E  6&*)   4  to    6 

3.  Limestone,  sandy,  separated  into  layers  by  shale 

partings    2 

2.  Coal,   slaty 1 

1.     Shale,  bluish  gray   (E  6e)    5  to    6 


LINES3  DESCRIPTION    OF    LIMESTONE   SAMPLES.  87 

LEE  COUNTY. 

C  5,  a*  b*  Location :  SW.  %,  sec.  27,  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E.  Geological 
formation,  Platteville.  Sample  from  quarry  of  Sandusky  Cement  Com- 
pany, Dixon.  The  cement  materials  are  taken  from  the  beds  that  were 
sampled.     (See,  also,  S  46,  o*  d,  e*) 

Section  at  Dixon. 

Feet. 
3.     Limestone,  thin  bedded,  bluish,  fossiliferous  (C  5a*)       5 

2.  Dolomite,  fine  grained,  yellowish 6 

1.  Limestone,    bluish,    compact,    fossiliferous,    in    beds 

Y2  to  iy2  feet  thick  (C  56*)   8 

C  6.  Location:  NE.  %,  sec.  18>  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E.  '  Geological  forma- 
tion, Platteville.     Sample  taken  by  road  4  miles  north  of  Dixon. 

(1).    Section  north  of  Dixon. 

Feet. 

3.  Dolomite,  flinty,  fine  grained,  compact,  subcrystalline       4 

2.  Limestone,  variably  bedded,  with  an  occasional  clay 

seam 5 

1.  Limestone,  heavy  bedded,  buff -blue  (C  6)    7 

S  46,  c*  &,  e*  Location :  Sec.  27,  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E.  Geological 
formation,  Platteville.  Sample  from  quarry  of  Sandusky  Portland 
Cement  Company.     (See,,  also,  C  5,  a,*  b.*) 

(2)     Section  north  of  Dixon. 

Feet. 
i  5.     Clay,  yellow,  with  some  sand 4  to    7 

4.  Gravel   , 2  to    3 

3.  Limestone,   gray,   fossiliferous,   in   about   1-inch 

layers  (S  46c*)    '. 4  to    6 

2.  Limestone,  light  gray,  with  imperfect  layers  3  to 

9  inches  thick,  with  a  4-inch  shale  band  at 

top  (S  46cZ*) .10 

1.  Limestone,  bluish  gray,  fine  grained,  very  hard, 
fossiliferous,  in  about  8-  to  16-inch  layers 
(S  46e*)    9 


LOGAN"  COUNTY. 

E  28,  $,*  b.  Location:  Near  NW.  cor.  sec,  5,  T.  19  N.,  R,  3  W., 
near  Lincoln.  Geological  formation,  McLeansboro.  The  limestone  is 
not  exposed  but  comes  within  3  feet  of  the  surface.  It  has  been  quarried 
but  the  hole  is  now  filled.  The  section  reported  by  the  owner  of  the 
land  is- as  follows: 

Section  near  Lincoln. 

Feet. 

4.     Limestone,  shelly   (E  28a*)    2 

3.     Limestone,  hard,  gray,  in  10-  to  24-inch  layers  (B  29 &)       6 

2.     Shale,  blue 3 

1.     Limestone,  hard,  gray 10 


88  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

MARSHALL  COUNTY. 

E  20,  b.  Location:  SW.  %,  NW.  %,  sec.  14,  T.  12  N.,  R.  9  E. 
Geological  formation,  Pennsylvanian.  Sample  from  outcrop  on  south 
side  of  road  about  one-fourth  mile  west  of  Sparland.  The  exposure  is  at 
the  bottom  of  the  bluff,  which  rises  100  feet  and  is  capped  by  limestone. 
The  rest  of  the  bluff  is  apparently  yellowish  shale. 

Section  near  Sparland. 

Feet. 

5.     Clay,  yellowish   2  to    5 

4,     Limestone,      soft,      argillaceous,      fossiliferous, 

weathering  into  shaly  chips  (E  20&)    4  to    6 

3.     Clay,  bluish  above  and  yellowish  below   10 

2.     Sandstone  in  thin  slabs  3  to    4 

1.     Shale,  fine,  blue    3+ 

E  23.*  Location:  SE.  %,  sec.  14,  T.  12  N.,  R.  9  E.  Geological 
formation,  Pennsylvanian.  Sample  from  old  stone  quarry  on  west  side 
of  Sparland.  This  pit  has  supplied  stone  for  local  purposes,  though 
idle  when  visited.  The  limestone  sampled  is  2  to  3  feet  thick  and  lies 
along  the  surface  of  the  bluff.  It  is  nodular  and  resembles  closely  the 
Craddock  stone  at  Pontiac. 


MONTGOMERY  COUNTY. 

694,*  698.*  Location:  Hillsboro,  111.  Geological  formation,  Mc- 
Leansboro  of  the  Pennsylvanian.  The  analyses  were  made  at  suggestion 
of  Mr.  Josiah  Bixler  of  Hillsboro,  and  are  assumed  to  be  representative 
of  the  rock  in  the  neighborhood.  The  first  sample  is  understood  to 
represent  an  exposure  along  the  creek  in  sec.  32,  T.  9  N.,  R,  4  W.,  and 
the  second,  a  20-foot  exposure,  one-eighth  mile  north  of  Quarry,  sec.  2, 
T.  8  N.,  R.  5  W. 


OGLE  COUNTY. 

C  7,  a,     Location:     SE.  %',  sec.  27,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E.  Geological 

formation,  Plattemlle. .  Sample  from  outcrop  on  west  bank  of  Pine  creek 
9  miles  southwest  of  Oregon. 

Section  along  Pine  creek. 

Feet. 
7.     Limestone,  thin  bedded,  non-flinty,  and  with  no  fos- 
sils  (C  la)    10 

6.     Dolomite,  hard,  compact,  buff,  non-flinty,  unfossilifer- 

ous,  thick  bedded  11 

5.     Shale,  brown,  y2 

4.     Clay,  blue,  with  dark  layers iy2 

3.     Clay,   reddish  y2 

2.     Clay,  blue,  becoming  sandy  and  yellow  at  bottom...  4 

1.     Sandstone    2 


LINES]  DESCRIPTION    OF    LIMESTONE    SAMPLES.  89 

The  section  is  at  the  contact  of  the. St.  Peter  and  Trenton  formations. 

C  8.  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  28,  T.  24  N.,  E.  10  E.  Geological 
formation,  Piatt eville.  Sample  from  outcrop  along  stream  2  miles  north 
of  Oregon. 

Section  near  Oregon. 

Feet. 
2.     Limestone,    fossiliferous,    thin    bedded,    light   brown 

(C   8)    10 

1.     Dolomite,  heavy  bedded,  hard,  reddish,  "buff  beds"..       8 
At  the  base  of  the  outcrop  is  a  line  of  large  springs. 


PEOEIA  COUNTY. 

Bu  8.*  Location:  SE.  %,  sec.  5,  T.  11  N.,  R.  7  E.  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (Maxwell  limestone).  Sample  taken  from 
quarry  on  property  of  Fred  Streitmatter  near  Princeville.  (See,  also, 
E  26.*) 

Section  near  Princeville. 

Feet. 

3.     Soil    3 

2.  Limestone,  fine  grained,  argillaceous  and  silicious,  in 
layers  from  y2  inch  thick  at  top  to  4  inches  thick 
at  bottom,  and  in  the  more  weathered  portion 
much  broken  vertically  into  fragments  or  "chip 

rock" 12 

1.     Limestone,   coarse  grained,  grayish,  containing  cal- 

cite  crystals  and  fossils,  exposed 1% 

No.  1  is  reported  to  be  4  to  5  feet  thick  and  underlain  by  clay  shale 
containing  thin  coal.  From  12  to  14  feet  of  rock  has  been  quarried  at 
four  or  five  places  within  a  distance  of  one-half  mile  in  sections  4  and  5. 
At  each  of  three  places  in  these  sections,  at  least  20  acres  of  rock  from 
10  to  12  feet  thick  underlies  less  than  10  feet  of  cover.  (See,  also, 
E  26.*) 

Bu  9.*  Location:  SE.  cor.  sec.  10,  T.  8  N.,  E.  7  E..  Geological 
formation,  McLeansboro  (Maxwell  limestone).  Samples  from  outcrop 
on  property  of  George  Swords,  1  mile  east  of  Maxwell.  Occasional 
outcrops  for  one-half  mile  high  on  the  banks  of  a  small  creek  expose 
10-  to  12-foot  beds  of  gray,  brittle,  medium-grained,  and  partly  argil- 
laceous limestone.  This  underlies  the  northern  part  of  Limestone  town- 
ship and  the  southwestern  part  of  Kickapoo  township.  The  overburden, 
which  is  soil  and  loess-like  clay,  varies  from  3  to  30  feet;  but  where 
sample  was  obtained  3  to  4  acres,  or  possibly  more,  can  probably  be 
worked  with  moderate  stripping. 

(1)     Section  in  Swords  quarry. 

Feet. 
6.     Limestone,   greenish   gray,  argillaceous,   partly  con- 
cretionary, weathered  so  that  it  breaks  in  chips  1 
to  3  inches  across;  exposed   (higher  layers  prob- 
ably concealed )    4 


90  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

_     T  .  Feet. 

5.  Limestone,  light  gray,  fine  grained,  hard  and  brittle,  ■ 

with  thin  streaks  and  particles  of  calcite  and  a 
few  fossils   2 

4.  Limestone,  hard,  gray,  medium  grained,  with  consid- 

erable calcite  and  some  fossils.    Splits  easily  along 
bedding  planes  into  layers  4  to  8  inches  thick 2% 

3.  Concealed  interval 1 

2.     Limestone,  somewhat  like  top  layers,  though  not  so 

completely  fractured  and  not  so  argillaceous,  but 
becoming  shaly  towards  bottom;  exposed 5 

1.  Shale,    bluish    black,    containing   thin    seam    of    car- 

bonaceous material  about  2   feet  below  top;    ex- 
posed    ■. ' 12 

Sample  includes  Nos.  2  to  6,  equivalent  to  a  com- 
posite of  the  three  samples  next  described. 
E  24,  a,  I,  c*    Location:     SE.  14,  sec.  10,  T.  8  ST.,  B.  7  E.     Geo- 
logical  formation,   McLeansloro    (Maxwell   limestone).      Sample   from 
above  described  quarry  owned  by  George  Swords.     The  section  sampled 
has  but  a  foot  or  two  of,  sandy  soil  stripping. 

(2)     Section  in  Swords  quarry. 

„      T  .  Feet. 

6.  Limestone,  loose,  white  nodular  (E  24a)    3  to    4 

5.  Limestone,  gray,  containing  fossils  (E  24&)    6  to    7 

4.  Same  as  No.  5,  but  evenly  bedded,  used  for  building 

(E  24c*)   ..;......  I.. 7       3 

3.     Shale,  gray ;    * "  _' '  [  [ "         y 

2.  Shale,  black  slaty,  bituminous,  nearly  coal  at  some 

exposures .' 5 

1.     Shale,  gray 20 

E  26.*  Location:  SE.  14  sec.  5,  T.  11  K, '  E.  7  E.  Geological 
formation,  P  ennsylvaman,  Sample  taken  from  a  10-foot  exposure  in  a 
quarry  on  west  side  of  road,  3  miles  northeast  of  Princeville.  The  lime- 
stone is  very  white  and  almost  non-fossiliferous.  The  upper  part  is 
weathered  into  slabs,  though  not  in  a  distinct  zone,  while  the  lowermost 
foot  or  two  is  more  regularly  bedded  in  layers  about  10  inches  thick. 
The  ledge  is  underlain  by  a  good  bed  of  coal  which  lies  at  the  surface 
in  many  of  the  valleys.     (See,  also,  Bu  8.*) 


POPE1  COUNTY. 

D  48.*  Location:  NE.  %,  sec.  31,  T.  13  S.,  R.  5  E.  Geological 
formation,  "Chester."  Sample  from  a  32-foot  outcrop  on  the  Whittenberg 
farm  on  Big  Bay  creek,  one-half  mile  east  of  Eeevesville.  Sampled  about 
every  foot  except  at  two  concealed  intervals  of  2  feet. 

W  311.*  Location:  Sec.  31,  T.  13  S.,  R.  5  E.  Geological  forma- 
tion, "Chester."  About  50  feet  of  limestone  is  exposed  in  beds  from  6 
inches  to  2  feet  thick  with  somewhat  shaly  partings,  and  occasionally 
containing  a  small  amount  of  chert.  This  sample  is  from  the  same 
property  as  D  48.* 


LINES1  DESCRIPTION    OF   LIMESTONE   SAMPLES.  91 

W  319.*  Location:  Sec.  19,  T.  13  S.,  E.  7  E.  Geological  forma- 
tion, "Chester/'  Sample  from  quarry  on  hillside  north  of  Golconda  to 
right  of  road  going  up  hill.  At  this  point  about  15  feet  of  limestone 
has  been  quarried  and  crushed  for  road  making.  Above  the  limestone 
and  also  below  it  are  shaly  beds. 

W  320.  Location:  SW.  %,  SE.  %,  sec.  22,  T.  11  S.,  E.  7  E.  Eainey 
place,  14  miles  north  of  Golconda.  Geological  formation,  Ste.  Genevieve. 
Sample  from  prospect  pit  for  spar. 

Section  on  Rainey  farm. 

Feet. 

2.     Shale   10 

1.     Limestone  with  shale  partings  (W  320) 15 

W  321.*  Location  :  Sec.  26,  T.  13  S.,  E.  6  E.  Geological  formation, 
"Chester."  Sample  from  outcrop  on  property  of  Edward  B.  Clark,  Lime- 
stone Hill,  west  of  Golconda  and  one-fourth  mile  northwest  of  the 
Illinois  Central  railroad.  (See  Plate  XVIII.)  The  outcrop  of  100  feet 
or  more  of  limestone  and  shale  is  so  covered  with  talus  that  the  pro-* 
portions  of  limestone  and  shale  cannot  be  seen.  The  sample  was  taken 
from  one  of  the  outcropping  beds  of  limestone. 

Bu20.*  Location:  Sec.  26,  T.  13  S.,  E.  6  E1.  Geological  formation, 
"Chester."  Sample  is  composite  of  all  outcropping  limestone  beds  in  the 
same  section  from  which  sample  W  321*  was  taken.  The  sample  repre- 
sents an  aggregate  of  50  feet  or  more  of  limestone.  The  overburden  is 
light.  The  analyses  of  samples  of  shale  from  the  same  locality,  as  given 
in  a  later  chapter,  indicate  that  the  materials  are  well  adapted  for  cement 
manufacture. 


PULASKI  COUNTY. 

D  47.*  Location:  Sec.  14,  T.  14  S.,  E.  1  W.  Geological  formation, 
St.  Louis.  Sample  from  old  quarry  near  Ullin.  The  section  shows  60 
feet  of  limestone  overlain  by  thin  layers  of  clay  and  gravel.  Sample 
represents  the  lower  40  feet.  The  old  quarry  face  is  about  400  yards 
long  and  from  25  to  60  feet  high.  Formerly,  a  spur  connected  it  with 
the  Illinois  Central  railroad,  and  the  rock  was  used  for  railroad  ballast 
and  for  concrete. 


RANDOLPH  COUNTY. 

B  6.*  Location:  Sec.  23,  T.  7  §.,  E,  7  W.  Geological  formation, 
"Chester."  Sample  taken  from  outcrop  north  of  prison  grounds  at 
Menard. 

^  B  8.*  Location:  Sec.  23,  T.  7  S.,  E.  7  W.  Geological  formation, 
"Chester."  Sample  taken  from  the.  quarry  of  the  Southern  Illinois  Peni- 
tentiary at  Menard. 

U  47.*  Location:  Sec.  20,  T.  5  S.,  E.  9  W.  Geological  formation, 
St.  Louis.  Sample  from  F.  M.  Brickley's  place  in  Prairie  du  Eocher. 
There  is  an  exposure  here  of  about  75  feet  of  limestone. 


92  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

W  208/  209.*  Location:'  NW.  %,  sec.  15,  T.  7  S,,  E.  7  W.  Geo- 
logical formation,  "Chester/'  Samples  taken  from  outcrops  along  the 
river  bluff  at  Menard. 

Section  at  Menard. 

Feet. 
9:     Shale,  exposed  more  or  less  continuously  in  bank  of 

creek   . . 17 

8.     Limestone  with  occasional  cherty  bands  (W  209*) ...  27 

7.     Limestone  ledges 27 

6.     Shales,  exposed    more    or    less    continuously    (Wa* 

and   &*) 43 

5.     Limestone  ledges,  more  or  less  thin  bedded 7 

4.     Talus  covered,  probably  shale  or  shaly  beds 32 

3.     Talus  covered . ; .  <.  12 

2.     Limestone  (Menard)    (W  208*) 60 

1.     Limestone  talus 40 

,    Two  samples  of  shale  collected  by  Elmer  Grant  from  the  horizon  of 

No.  6  of  the  section  in  the  same  vicinity  gave  results  as  shown  by  the 

table  of  clay  analyses  under  W,  a*  and  5.* 

,  ,W  253.*     Location:     SW.  %,  sec.  5,  T.  4  S.,  E.  8  W.     Geological 

formation,  "Chester/'    Sample  from  Eed  Bud  city  quarry,  including  8  to 

12  feet  of  blue  limestone. 

],  W  254.*     Location:     NW.  %,  sec.  4,  T.  4  S.,  E.  8  W.     Geological 

formation,  "Chester/'     Sample  from  William's  quarry,  Eed  Bud.     This 

is  nearly  white  limestone,  probably  8  feet  in  thickness. 


EOCK  ISLAND  COUNTY. 

Bu  15,*  16.*  Location:  Sec.  25,  T.  17  N.,  E,  1  W.  Geological 
formation,  Hamilton.  Sample  taken  from  outcrops  in  the  bluffs  of  Mill 
creek,  southeast  of  Milan.  The  limestone  is  exposed  in  the  creek  bed 
1^4  miles  southeast  of  Milan,  between  the  Chicago,  Bock  Island,  and 
Pacific  railroad  and  the  bluffs  bordering  the  flood  plain.  Where  the 
creek  cuts  its  way  through  the  upland  before  reaching  the  flood  plain 
there  are  several  good  exposures  of  shaly,  jointed  beds,  and  of  the  heavier 
quarry  ledges  below  the  shaly  part.  Both  members  are  very  fossiliferous. 
Sample  Bu  15*  was  taken  from  the  east  bluff  of  Mill  creek,  about  one- 
fourth  mile  from  the  escarpment.  Twenty  feet  of  limestone  are  exposed, 
the  upper  5  feet  of  which  is  shelly,  crinoidal  limestone,  and  the  lower 
15  feet  shaly  and  jointed  limestone  containing  many  brachiopods.  .  Sam- 
ple Bu  16*  was  taken  about  one-eighth  mile  north  of  Bu  15*,  from 
a  7-  to  8-foot  exposure  on  the  north  bluff  of  the  creek  just  west  of  the 
place  where  it  reaches  the  flood  plain  of  Eock  river.  This  is  a  fossilifer- 
ous limestone,  with  some  calcite  crystals.  The  beds  are  thick  but  include 
a  little  shaly  material  at  the  top. 


ilNES]  .  DESCRIPTION    OF    LIMESTONE   SAMPLES.  93 

SCHUYLEE  COUNTY. 

C  30.*  Location:  SE.  %,  sec.  29,  T.  1  N.,  K.  2  W.  Geological 
formation,  Mm  or  St.  Louis.  Sample  taken  from  the  east  bank  of 
€rooked  creek  north  of  Eipley,  where  an  old  quarry  exposes  about  4 
feet  of  limestone.  There  is  no  definite  ledge  but  the  outcrop  is  in  pieces; 
helow  which  lies  a  heavy  dolomite. 

C  31.*  Location:  'NW.  cor.  sec.  19,  T.  1  W.,  E.  2  W.  Geological 
formation,  Salem  or  St:  Louis.  Sample  taken  from  Crooked  creek, 
between -Eipley  and  .' Scott's  .Mill.  A  ledge  of  limestone  about  5  feet 
thick  on  each  side  of  the  creek  extends  probably  one-half  mile  down 
the  creek,  and  is  underlain  by  a  bed  of  dolomite. 

C  32.  Location :  NW.  %,  sec.  7,  T.  1  N.,  E.  2  W.  Geological  forma- 
tion, Salem  or  St.  Louis.  Sample  taken  in  a  gully  beside  the  road  to 
Scott  Mill  about  4  miles  east  of  the  mill.  Pennsylvanian  rocks  overlie 
the  limestone,  making  stripping  conditions  unfavorable. 

Section  east  of  Scott  Mill. 

Feet. 
4.     Conglomerate,  partly  limestone  and  partly  buff  dolo- 
mite        5 

3.     Dolomite,  fine  grained,  bluish  to  buff,  somewhat  nod- 
ular        2 

2.     Limestone,  subcrystalline,  irregularly  bedded  1 

1.     Limestone,    shaly,    grayish,    fine   grained,    becoming 

sandy  and  argillaceous  toward  the  bottom 5 

Sample  includes  2  to  4  of  section. 
C  34.*  Location :  SW.  cor.  sec.  34,  T.  2  N.,  E.  3  W.  Geological 
formation,  St.  Louis.  Sample  from  farm  of  Henry  Hickman,  4  miles 
.south  of  Camden.  There  is  here  an  exposure  of  8  feet  of  conglomeritic 
limestone  containing  considerable  dolomite.  It  is  found  under  a  red 
ochre  deposit. 

C  35,  a*  b.  Location:  NW.  %>  sec.  17,  T.  2  N.,  E.  3  W.  Geological 
formation,  Keokuk.  Samples  from  outcrops  north  of  Camden  along 
•Cedar  creek.  C  35,  ai*  was  taken  just  east  of  the  upper  bridge,  and 
C  35,  b,  one-half  mile  down  stream.  The  latter  location  exposes  lime- 
.stone  10  to  12  feet  thick,  rather  heavy  bedded  and  fossiliferous,  but 
weathering  into  thin  slabs.  Numerous  geodes  occur  above,  in  a  clay 
soil.  The  interval  from  the  top  of  the  limestone  to  the  "Coal  Measure" 
sandstone  above,  measures  about  50  feet  and  is  largely  rilled  with  sili- 
cious  clays  and  argillaceous  dolomite. 

C  36.*  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  11,  T.  2  N.,  E.  3  W.  Geological 
formation,  Salem,  or  St.  Louis.  Sample  taken  south  of  road  about  4 
miles  east  of  Camden,  in  a  gully  tributary  to  Spring  creek.  The  out- 
<crop  here  is  not  very  extensive,  but  there  are  indications  of  considerable 
limestone  in  the  vicinity.  Lime  was  burned  here  at  one  time.  The 
limestone  is  directly  overlain  by  "Coal  Measure"  sandstone. 


94  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17: 

C  37.*  Location:  SW.  %,  sec.  27,  T.  3  N.,  E.  3  W.  Southeast  of 
Brooklyn.  Geological  formation,  $1  Louis.  Sample  taken  from  top 
of  bluff  in  a  deep  ravine  on  east  side  of  Crooked  creek. 


Section  along  Crooked  creek. 

Feet. 
4.     Limestone,   silicious,   broken   into   small,    sharp 

fragments  (C  37*)    8  to  10 

3.     Dolomite,  irregularly  bedded,  very  uneven,  shat- 
tered ;s  and  silicious  shale   15 

2.     Shale,  gray,  silicious  8  to  10 

1.     Limestone,  argillaceous,  geodiferous  4 

C  43.     Location:     Near  center  NE.  %,  sec.  28,  T.  2  N.,  E.  2  W_ 
Near  Rushville.     Geological  formation,  Pennsylvanian. 


Section  near  Rushville. 

Feet. 

3.     Shale,  gray   15 

2.     Limestone,  hard,  dark  colored,  unfossiliferous,  non- 
flinty,  and  breakiug  with  conchoidal  fracture...       4 
1.     Shale,  carbonaceous 3 

C  45.*  Location:  NW.  %,  NE.  %,  sec.  5,  T.  1  N.,  E.  1  E.  Geo- 
logical formation,  Pennsylvanian.  Sample  from  outcrop  on  Sugar 
creek  north  of  Frederick.  A  ledge  and  a  good  many  blocks  of  limestone 
outcrop  50  feet  above  the  base  of  the  hill,  along  the  creek.  The  rock 
is  gray,  non-flinty,  non-fossiliferous,  and  rather  rough  in  appearance.  It 
is  about  8  feet  thick  and  continues  for  about  one-fourth  mile  along  the 
bluff  between  the  two  side  ravines,  without  a  great  thickness  of  covering.. 
The  St.  Louis  limestone  -outcrops  in  places,  about  50  feet  below. 

C  46.*  Location :  NW.  %,  SW.  %,  sec.  32,  T.  2  N.,  E.  1  E.  Geo- 
logical formation,  Pennsylvanian.  Sample  is  from  the  same  horizon  as 
C  45*,  but  was  taken  about  one-half  mile  farther  north.  The  rock 
apparently  has  its  normal  thickness  of  about  15  feet,  and  presents  favor- 
able stripping  conditions  except  under  a  slope  in  the  hill  behind  the 
outcrop,  where  there  is  30  to  40  feet  of  covering. 


ST.  CLAIE  COUNTY. 

U  49,  a,*  Location :  NW.  %,  NE.  %,  sec.  23,  T.  1  S.,  E.  10  W. 
Geological  formation,  St.  Louis.  Sample  from  quarry  near  Columbia. 
The  limestone  in  the  quarry,  varies  from  30  to  40  feet  in  thickness.  The 
upper  7  feet  contains  irregular  chert  beds. 


LINES]  DESCRIPTION    OF    LIMESTONE    SAMPLES.  05 

STARK  COUNTY. 

E'  27,  a,  &>  Location:  SW.  14,  SE.  %,  sec.  21,  T.  14  Ni,  R,  7  E. 
'Geological  formation,  Pennsylvanian.  Sample  from  quarry  that  recently 
furnished  stone  for  building  and  paving. 

Section  in  Stark  county. 

Feet. 
2.     Limestone,  impure,  nodular,  not  compact  but  mixed 

with  much  shale  (C  27a) 4 

1.  Limestone,  hard,  massive,  light  colored  in  places, 
containing  few  fossils,  and  breaking  with  con- 
choidal  fracture  (C  2Tb*)    5 


STEPHENSON  COUNTY. 

C  1,  a.  Location:  NW.  i/4,  SE.  %,  sec.  22,  T.  29  N.,  R.  6  E.  Geo- 
logical formation,  PlaMeville.  Sample  from  Winslow  city  quarry.  The 
•quarry  rock  ranges  from  lower  Galena  to  the  blue  rock  of  the  Platteville 
formation. 

Section  at  Winslow. 

Feet. 

7.     Soil 1 

6.     Dolomite,  thin  bedded,  coarse  grained 3 

5.     Limestone,  thin  bedded,  blue,  and  dark  shale  5 

4.     Limestone,  compact,  hard,  flinty   (C  la)    2 

3.     Dolomite,  thin  bedded,  fossiliferous  13 

2.     Dolomite,  thin  bedded,  fine  grained  6% 

1.     Dolomite,  thick  bedded,  bluish  to  buff 12 

C  1,  o,  c,  d,  e.  Location:  Sec.  22,  T.  29  N.,  R.  6  E.  Geological 
formation,  Platteville.  Sample  from  quarry  1  mile  north  of  Winslow 
on  Pecatonica  river.  The  section  here  is  practically  the  same  as  at 
Winslow  quarry  and  samples  C  1,  o,  c,  e  were  taken  from  beds  corre- 
sponding to  1,  2,  3,  and  4  of  section  given  for  Winslow. 


UNION  COUNTY. 

.  D  2.  Location:  SE.  %,  sec.  17,  T.  12  S.,  R.  1  W.  Geological  forma- 
tion, Salem.  Sample  taken  from  quarry  of  Swan  Creek  Phosphate  Com- 
pany at  Anna  (now  Union  Stone  and  Lime  Co.).  The  limestone  from 
which  the  sample  was  taken  underlies  the  region  for  several  miles  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  quarry.  Twenty  feet  of  limestone  is  exposed  but  drillings 
show  the  stone  to  be  40  feet  thick. 

U  66*  Location:  Sec.  17,  T.  12  S.,  R.  1  W.  Geological  formation, 
JSalem.  Sample  from  quarry  of  Union  Stone  and  Lime  Company, 
Anna,  111. 

Section  near  Anna. 

Feet. 

3.     Limestone,  oolitic   15 

2.     Limestone,  hard,  gray 22 

1.     Chert   8 


96  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMEKT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  37 

W  285.*  Location:  NE.  %,  SE.  %,  sec.  1,  T.  13  S.,  E.  2  W.*  Geo- 
logical formation,  Burlington.  Sample  from  exposure  one-eighth  mile 
from  Korndahl  station  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad. 

Section  near  Korndahl  station. 

Feet. 
2.     Limestone,  having  a  few  scattered  chert  nodules  in 

the  lower  few  feet  and  very  few  fossils  (W  285*)     40 

1.     Shale,  rather  fissile,  siliceous   (W  286)    40 

The  analysis  of  the   shale    (W   286)    is   given  with 
other  clay  analysis  in  the  later  tahle. 

W  291.  Location:  NW.  %,  sec.  11,  T.  12  S,,  E.  2  W.  Geological 
formation,  Burlington.  Sample  taken  from  a  former  quarry  about  one- 
fourth  mile  east  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad,  on  a  creek.  The  lime- 
stone is  free  from  chert,  and  conditions  for  quarrying  are  favorable.. 
About  one-fourth  mile  west  of  the  limestone  is  a  large  body  of  shale. 
This  limestone  sample  was  lost  and  the  analysis  therefore  is  not  found 
in  the  table. 


LINES] 


DESCRIPTION    OF    LIMESTONE   SAMPLES. 


97 


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ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES. 


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LINES] 


DESCRIPTION"    OF    LIMESTONE   SAMPLES. 


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[BULL.  NO.  17 


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BLEININGER]        ILLINOIS    CLAYS    FOR    CEMENT    MANUFACTURE. 


101 


CHAPTER    VI— CLAY    MATERIAL    AVAILABLE 
FOR  PORTLAND-CEMENT  MANUFAC- 
TURE IN  ILLINOIS. 

(By  A.  V.  Bleininger.) 


G-E'NEKAL  STATEMENT. 

Although  the  question  of  the  clay  resources  available  for  cement 
manufacture  seems  at  first  to  be  one  of  minor  importance  as  compared 
with  that  of  the  limestone,  on  closer  examination  it  will  be  found  that 
this  is  not  the  case.  Clays  of  the  physical  character  suitable  for  the 
economical  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  are  not  plentiful.  From 
the  purely  chemical  standpoint  it  must  be  conceded  that  many  clays 
would  answer  the  purpose  if  they  could  be  ground  economically  to  a 
degree  of  fineness  sufficient  for  chemical  reaction. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  shales,  where  available,  afford  the  most  reliable 
clays  for  cement  making.  The  chemical  compositions  of  a  number  of 
Illinois  shales  worked  in  large  quantities  for  the  manufacture  of  clay 
products  are  given  in  the  following  table,  and  most  of  them  are  suitable 
for  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement. 


Analyses  of  Illinois  shales. 


Location. 


Silica. 

Alumina. 

Ferric 

oxide. 

(Fe203). 

Ferrous 
oxide. 
(FeO). 

Lime. 

Magnesia. 

Potash. 

Soda. 

(Si02). 

(AlaOs). 

(CaO). 

(MgO). 

(K20). 

(Na20) 

63.36 

15.43 

1.80 

4.02 

0.93 

1.58 

3.28 

0.56 

59.34 

15.36 

3.26 

3.84 

0.76 

1.82 

3.82 

0.80 

60.31 

17.74 

5.04 

1.96 

0.41 

1.96 

2.88 

1.07 

63.43 

16.89 

1.52 

4.24 

1.00 

2.11 

2.03 

0.20 

63.62 

16.28 

3.02 

2.90 

0.63 

1.44 

2.60 

1.50 

59.86 

17.43 

1.42 

5.10 

1.05 

2.32 

2.80 

0.18 

64.09 

14.16 

2.65 

3.16 

1.69 

1.64 

2.90 

0.77 

58.52 

15.67 

4.99 

3.37 

1.05 

1.45 

2.94 

1.48 

60.93 

17.93 

8.12 

Notdet.. 

1.33 

.      0.91 

5.01 

47.29 

15.51 

4.80 

..do 

7.33 

6.19 

3.71 

48.41 

18.31 

6.06 

..do 

5.73 

3.13 

5.65 

55.37 

21.40 

6.72 

..do 

1.76 

0.65 

2 

42 

Igni- 
tion 
loss. 


Alton 

Albion 

Springfield... 
Edwardsville 

Galesburg 

Streator 

Danville 

Danville 

East  Peoria.. 

Savanna 

Rodden 

■Carbon  Cliff.. 


6.99 
7.89 
6.71 
5.97 
5.88 
6.35 
6.47 
7.72 
5.73 
13.11 
12.79 
8.75 


These  analyses  represent  but  a  few  of  the  available  shales  of  the  State, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  a  survey  of  these  materials  has  not  yet  been  made. 
In  some  cases  the  No.  2  fire  clays  may  be  utilized  for  cement  making, 


102  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

especially  where  the  surface  clay  is  of  a  loess  type,  i.  e.,  too  high  in 
silica  to  be  used  alone.  A  mixture  of  loess  clay  and  No.  2  or  No.  3 
fire  clay  could  be  made  to  answer  the  purpose  satisfactorily. 

The  glacial,  surface-clays  of  the  State,  though  abundant,  are  as  a  rule 
too  heterogeneous  to  form  a  reliable  source  of  cement  materials.  There 
is  no  doubt,  however,  that  in  some  instances  such  clays  can  be  used 
successfully,  though  in  every  case  such  deposits  are  strictly  local  in 
character. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  it  was  impossible  to  make  a  complete  survey  of 
the  shales  and  other  red-burning  clays  of  the  State,  a  start  was  made 
in  this  direction  as  far  as  cement-making  materials  are  concerned  by 
collecting  samples  near  limestone  deposits  which  seem  to  be  available 
for  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement,  and  which  appear  to  be  favor- 
ably located  as  far  as  shipping  facilities  are  concerned.  Mr.  F.  E. 
Layman  was  detailed  to  undertake  this  work  and  he  collected  a  number 
of  samples  of  clay  from  deposits  commercially  available  in  connection 
with  limestone  beds  suitable  for  cement  manufacture.  This  survey  was 
of  a  preliminary  character,  and  cannot  be  said  to  include  all  available 
clays. 

On  arrival  of  the  clay  samples  at  the  laboratory  three  kinds  of  tests 
were  made.  The  materials  were  analyzed  for  silica,  alumina,  iron,  lime, 
and  magnesia.  They  were  heated  in  contact  with  an  excess  of  calcium 
carbonate  to  1210°  C.,  after  which  treatment  the  residue  remaining  on 
dissolving  in  hydrochloric  acid  and  sodium  carbonate  solution  was  deter- 
mined. Finally  the  clays  were  subjected  to  mechanical  analysis  by  the 
Schulz  method. 

The  heating  treatment  was  preceded  by  mixing  the  clays  with  water, 
passing  them  through  a  40-mesh  sieve,  and  drying  the  resulting  slip. 
The  sieved  clay  was  then  intimately  mixed  with  8  parts  of  calcium  car- 
bonate, put  into  a  platinum  crucible,  and  heated  in  a  muffle  until  Seger 
cone  No.  4  (about  1210°  C.)  bent  over  in  the  usual  fashion.  The 
crucible  was  then  cooled,  and  its  contents  removed  and  ground,  and 
treated  successively  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  sodium  carbonate  solu- 
tions.   The  residue  was  washed  on  the  filter,  ignited,  and  weighed. 

The  mechanical  analysis  was  carried  on  in  the  manner  described  else- 
where and  included  the  determination  of  the  residue  on  sieves  of  20,  40, 
60,  80,  100,  150,  and  200  meshes.  The  residues  left  in  the  cans,  averag- 
ing 0.0577  mm.,  0.0354  mm.,  and  0.0167  mm.,  respectively,  and  of  the 
material  carried  off  in  the  overflow,  was  finally  obtained. 

The  results  of  the  chemical  analyses  of  the  clays  are  compiled  in  Table 
II.  Another  table — III — shows  the  residue  left  after  the  acid  and 
alkali  treatment,  and  the  data  of  the  mechanical  analyses. 

It  is  evident  that  a  certain  number  of  the  clays  are  too  high  in  silica 
to  be  considered  for  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement,  for  it  is  obvious 
that  such  a  clay  as  L3  is  too  siliceous,  since  the  alumina-silica  ratio  is 
1 :7.85.  Likewise  a  number  of  the  other  clays,  assuming  that  the  silica 
is  in  an  exceedinglv  fine-grained  condition,  would  be  more  or  less 
objectionable  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  would  result  in  slow-setting 
cements.     While  this  type  of  cement  represents  high  quality  and  resist- 


BLEININGER]        jLLINOIS    CLAYS    FOR   CEMENT    MANUFACTURE.  103 

ing  properties  and  is  in  reality  superior  to  the  aluminous  cements,  it  is 
not  popular  among  builders  because  of  the  slowness  of  its  action.  For 
really  important  work  where  endurance  in  contact  with  injurious  sub- 
stances is  a  point  of  prime  importance,  the  steadily  increasing  strength 
of  the  siliceous  cements,  combined  with  their  constancy  of  volume  is 
greatly  to  be  desired. 

In  Table  III  the  results  of  the  mechanical  analysis  and  of  the  insoluble 
residue  determination  are  given.  The  fineness  of  the  clays  is  indicated 
by  the  surface  factor,  calculated  from  the  amounts  and  mean  diameters 
of  the  grades  passing  the  200-mesh  sieve.  The  portions  remaining  on 
this  and  the  coarser  sieves  have  been  neglected,  since  the  respective  mean 
diameters  were  not  known  and  since  these  coarser  sizes  do  not  change, 
the  factor  materially.  The  calculation  of  the  surface  factor  may  be 
illustrated  by  carrying  out  the  computation  for  sample  L  4a  as  follows: 
0.076X  (l-r-0.0577)  +0.0519X  (1-MX0354) +0.3477  X  (1-^-0.0167)  + 
0.49X(l-^-0.0069)=95.838.  On  comparing  the  surface  factors  with 
the  residues  left  after  calcination  to  1210°  and  the  acid  and  alkali  treat- 
ment, it  is  evident  that  there  is  no  close  correlation.  By  taking  the) 
average  values  of  both  kinds  of  data  and  assuming  a  linear  relation,  it 
would  appear  that  a  clay  with  surface  factor  of  about  120  and  above 
should  combine  smoothly  with  lime  under  the  conditions  stated  so  that 
no  residue  would  be  left  after  the  acid  treatment.  It  is  evident  that 
samples  like  Nos.  L  13,  L  3,  L  8,  L  9,  L  2,  L  7a>  L  7b,  and  L  10  are 
objectionable  both  on  account  of  their  high  silica  content  and  their  low 
surface  factor. 


104 


ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES. 


[BULL.  NO.  17 


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BLEININGER]        ILLINOIS    CLAYS    FOR    CEMENT    MANUFACTURE. 


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106  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 


CHAPTER     VII— DESCRIPTION     OF     CLAY     DE- 
POSITS SAMPLED. 

(Compiled  from  notes  of  F.  E.  Layman.) 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  field  work  on  clay  investigations  by  no  means  attempted  to  cover 
the  State  nor  to , include  all  clays  which  are  suitable  for  cement  making. 
The  method  of  procedure  was  to  visit  the  locations  where  the  limestone 
had  been  found  to  be  of  a  quality  sufficiently  good  for  Portland  cement, 
and  to  restrict  the  examination  of  the  clay  to  these  limestone  areas. 
Each  of  the  most  promising  limestone  locations  was  made  the  center  of 
an  area  about  5  miles  square,  and  the  clay  was  investigated  in  each, 
direction  for  about  2%  miles.  In  this  work  advantage  was  taken  of 
all  railroad  cuts,  streams,  and  ravines  where  the  clay  might  be  exposed. 
For  each  clay  location,  roughly  speaking,  the  territory  was  crossed  in 
one  direction  with  lines  about  1%  miles  apart,  and  then  the  vicinity 
was  examined  along  lines  at  right  angles.  The  region  was  thoroughly 
criss-crossed  and  examined  in  this  manner. 

Not  all  locations,  however,  admitted  of  this  extensive  work,  as  some 
were  unfavorable  either  from  the  standpoint  of  transportation  or  because 
the  character  of  the  clay  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  limestone  was 
not  promising.  Samples  were  taken  only  where  the  clay  occurred  in 
such  bulk  as  to  make  the  deposit  commercially  valuable,  and  where  it 
lay  within  reasonable  distance  of  a  railroad.  The  character  of  the 
deposits  also  influenced  the  selection  of  samples.  If  the  clay  contained 
pebbles  or  mineral  detritus  no  samples  were  taken  even  though  the 
deposits  were  otherwise  favorable.  The  method  of  sampling  was  to  cut 
back  into  the  face  of  the  bank  beyond  the  zone  of  oxidation  and  to  take 
a  thin  slice  from  the  fresh  exposure  (PI.  XIX).  The  sample  thus 
roughed  out  contained,  as  a  rule,  about  200  pounds.  This  was  mixed 
and  reduced  by  quartering  to  a  50-pound  sample  which  was  placed  in  a 
bag,  together  with  a  wooden  tag  on  which  the  number  of  the  sample  was 
carved.  Shipping  directions  on  the  outside  of  the  sack  also  bore  the 
number  of  the  sample  so  as  to  permit  no  possibility  of  error  through 
confusion  of  numbers. 

The  following  description  of  samples  and  of  clay  occurrences  is 
arranged  alphabetically  by  counties  and  contains  references  to  the  field 
numbers  of  limestone  samples  described  in  the  preceding  chapter.    Chem- 


ILLINOIS    STATE    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  BULL     NO.    17,    PLATE   XIX. 


Prospect  pit  for  shale  sample. 


LAYMAN]  DESCRIPTION    OF    CLAY    SAMPLES.  107 

ical  analyses  of  the  limestones  are  presented  in  Table  I  and  of  the  clays 
in  Table  II.  Physical  analyses  of  clays  appear  in  Table  III.  Those 
samples  which  seem  suited  to  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  are 
marked  with  the  asterisk  (*). 

ADAMS,  COUNTY. 

Limestone  (C  17*)  occurs  5  miles  east  of  Mendon  but  the  territory 
examined  for  clay  centers  at  the  limestone  property  near  the  house  of 
William  Quigg,  iy2  miles  north  of  Mendon.  Unfortunately  this  lime- 
stone was  not  analyzed.  A  200-foot  well  on  the  premises  is  said  to  have 
penetrated  about  100  feet  of  stone.  The  limestone  is  overlain  by  bluish 
clay  shale  which  weathers  yellow.  This  blue  clay  extends  over  all  the 
territory  examined  and  appears  to  vary  considerably  in  thickness.  It  is 
covered  by  an  overburden  of  top  soil  2  to  4  feet  thick.  North  of  the 
Quigg  property  the  country  is  hilly  and  the  clay  beds  appear  on  the 
slopes. 

L  45.*  The  clay  was  traced  northwest,  down  Webb  creek,  and  a 
sample  was  taken  on  the  property  of  Mr.  Eobert  Cannell,  where  the  best 
exposure  was  observed  to  be  10  feet  thick.  This  clay  forms  the  bed  of 
the  creek  and  extends  at  least  10  feet  deeper,  according  to  a  boring 
reported  by  Mr.  Cannell.  This  shale  is  rather  hard  but  is  easily  slaked 
by  water. 

L  4fl5.*  Across  the  road  and  higher  up  the  hill  there  is  a  6-foot  expo- 
sure of  yellow  to  blue  clay,  evidently  derived  from  the  underlying  shale. 
A  sample  was  taken  here.  The  relations  are  indicated  by  the  following 
measurements : 

Section  near  Mendon, 

Feet. 

5.     Clay,  yellow  to  blue  6 

4.     Shale,  soft  2% 

3.     Limestone    iy2 

2.     Shale,  medium-hard   •. . .       6 

1.     Shale  (reported)  below  creek  level 10 

The  country  south  of  the  home  of  Mr.  Quigg  is  admirably  adapted 
for  plant  location.  A  short  distance  to  the  north  plenty  of  blue  clay 
was  observed  under  a  top-soil  cover  of  about  3  feet,  The  thickness  of 
the  deposit  between  Mr.  Quigg' s  house  and  the  Burlington  tracks  cannot 
be  estimated  since  thei  country  is  level  and  the  water  courses  have  not 
cut  down  sufficiently  to  expose  much  clay.  A  spur  from  the  Burlington 
tracks  over  ground  of  easy  grade  to  the  suggested  plant  site  would  prob- 
ably not  exceed  three-fourths  mile  in  length. 


BKOWN  COUNTY. 

An  extensive  limestone  exposure  (C  20)  occurs  3  miles  southwest  of 
Versailles  on  the  property  of  Mr.  Foster  Wiley,  in  the  NW.  %  sec-  26, 
T.  2  S.,  E.  3  W.  Another  limestone  exposure  is  found  on  the  property 
of  Mr.  Joe  Myers,  about  one  mile  southwest  of  Versailles.  The  region 
is  deeply  eroded  and  the  hills  which  rise  25  to  150  feet  above  the  streams 
reveal  considerable  clay  of  the  character  represented  by  the  samples. 


108  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

L  5.  A  sample  was  taken  from  the  base  of  the  hill  west  of  the  house 
of  Mr.  Charles  Bradberry  and  one-half  mile  east  of  the  limestone  in 
section  26.  This  hill  is  75  feet  high,  and  when  the  sample  was  taken 
was  so  covered  with  rank  vegetation  that  the  upper  portion  could  not  be 
examined  readily.  The  sample  represents  an  exposure  of  15  feet.  A 
spur  from  the  Wabash  to  this  place  would  prove  expensive. 

L  6.*  A  sample  was  taken  also  from  the  property  of  Mr.  Joe  Myers, 
about  half  way  up  the  65-foot  hill.  In  this  hill  clay  alternates  with  sand 
and  gravel  but  appears  to  predominate.  Because  of  slides,  the  sample 
is  not  regarded  with  confidence.  Prospecting  should  be  done  with  an 
extension  auger.  The  site  of  sample  L  6*  could  be  reached  more  easily 
than  the  other  by  a  railroad  spur,  but  in  general,  judging  from  the 
character  of  the  limestone  and  of  the  clay  deposits  the  region  is  not 
favorable  for  a  cement  plant. 

L  17,*  18.*  Samples  were  collected  representing  shale  which  is  com- 
monly exposed  along  roads  and  in  ravines  along  the  eastern  part  of 
Brown  county  from  Camden  in  Schuyler  county  to  the  vicinity  of 
Cooperstown.  The  region  is  deeply  eroded  and  the  shale  varies  in  depth 
below  the  surface.  L  17*  was  collected  from  a  10-foot  exposure  by  the 
roadside  near  Scott  Mill,  on  the  property  of  John  Chamberlain.  L  18* 
was  taken  from  a  6-foot  exposure  opposite  Scott  Mill  on  the  Jesse 
Gibson  land.  These  shales  might  be  used  for  cement  manufacture  in 
connection  with  limestones  C  26,  27,*  and  28,*  but  the  lack  of  railroad 
facilities  would  hinder  exploitation  of  such  cement  resources  as  the 
county  possesses. 


BUBEAU  COUNTY. 

E  15,  b.  Limestone  sample  E  15,  a,  previously  described  as  from  near 
Marquette,  is  accompanied  by  a  7-foot  shale.  The  analysis  is  ■  shown 
in  Table  I. 


CLAEK  COUNTY. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Casey  where  limestone  S  9*  was  collected  no  shale 
or  clay  of  value  was  found.    A  variable  sandy  clay  covers  the  region. 

L  14.*  A  sample  was  taken  about  1%  miles  northeast  of  Marshall, 
where  a  cut  along  the  C,  C,  C.  &  St.  L.  railroad  exposes  8  feet  of  shale 
under  a  6-foot  covering  of  glacial  clay.  This  might  be  used  in  combi- 
nation with  limestone  S  51,*  but  the  materials  sampled  are  near  the 
minimum  thickness  which  would  warrant  operations.  Drilling  might 
reveal  deeper  deposits. 

L  15.*  A  sample  was  collected  from  a  5-foot  exposure  of  shale  occur- 
ring iy2  miles  north  of  Marshall  on  the  property  of  Mr.  William  Eng- 
lish. The  sample  was  selected  150  yards  south  of  the  house,  along  the 
creek.  The  bed  is  too  thin  for  exploitation,  but  may  be  underlain  by 
additional  shale  of  suitable  character. 


LAYMAN]  DESCRIPTION    OF    CLAY   SAMPLES.  109 

EDGAR  COUNTY. 

L  12,*  13.  Large  amounts  of  shale  suitable  for  Portland-cement 
manufacture  were  examined  in  T.  14  N.,  R.  11  W.,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Baldwinsville.  L  12*  was  collected  from  a  20-foot  exposure  at  a  bridge 
on  the  J.  E.  Garvin  property,  about  1  mile  northwest  of  St.  Aloysius 
church.  L  13  represents  a  6-foot  exposure  along  the  creek  300  yards 
north  of  the  church  where  the  following  measurements  were  made: 

Section  near  Baldwinsville. 

Feet. 

Soil  2 

Limestone 2% 

Shale,  blue  hard  (L  13) 6 

Shale  (below  creek)    + 

Limestone  (outcrops  to  south)    + 

In  connection  with  limestones  S  50*  which  occurs  1  mile  east  of 
Baldwinsville,  these  shales  are  *  promising ;  but  of  course  the  nearest 
railroad  lines  are  4  to  6  miles  distant. 


HANCOCK  COUNTY. 

L3.  Clay  was  investigated  in  the  vicinity  of  Niota.  The  town  is 
situated  on  flat  ground,  but  about  one-quarter  mile  back  rises  a  line  of 
hills  in  which  limestone  (C  40,*  41*)  is  found.  The  clay  in  thickness 
varying  up  to  100  feet,  overlies  the  limestone.  It  may  be  found  all 
along  the  hills  back  from  the  village.  The  clay  is  very  sandy  and  of 
alluvial  origin ;  it  is  so  changeable  in  quality  as  to  be  a  suspicious  cement 
material.  In  all  cases,  however,  the  overburden  on  this  clay  is  not  more 
than  a  few  feet  thick. 

L3.  A  sample  was  taken  three-fourths  mile  west  of  Mota  on  the 
property  of  Conrad  Freitag  on  the  south  side  of  the  road  about  halfway 
up  the  hill.  At  this  place  the  limestone  is  possibly  50  feet  thick  and  is 
overlain  by  30  to  100  feet  of  clay.  A  good  plant  location  may  be  had 
towards  Mota  about  one-eighth  mile  from  this  deposit  or  about  1% 
miles  west  of  the  Santa  Fe  tracks.  However,  taking  into  consideration 
the  changeable  nature  of  the  clay  and  the  physical  character  of  the 
country,  the  location  is  not  a  good  one  for  Portland-cement  manufacture. 


JACKSON"  COUNTY. 

The  region  about  Grand  Tower  was  thoroughly  examined,  but  no 
clay  worth  sampling  was  found.  The  characteristic  clay  of  the  region  is 
sandy  alluvium  or  loess,  such  as  is  found  near  the  Mississippi  river  from 
Rock  Island  south.  Limestone  is  exposed  in  abundance  (S  5x*  and 
S  57a*),  but  is  buried  from  6  to  40  feet  under  this  sandy  clay.  Between 
Grand  Tower  and  Murphysboro  a  large  deposit  of  shale  was  observed 
from  the  train;  and  though  no  sample  was  obtained  it  is  the  writer's 
opinion  that  shale  may  be  found  along  the  Illinois  Central  tracks  within 
commercial  distance. 


110  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT    RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

LA  SALLE  COUNTY. 

E  1&.*  Shale,  3y2  feet  thick,  occurs  interbedded  with  limestone 
E  la*  etc.,  at  the  plant  of  the  German- American  Portland  Cement  Com- 
pany.   Analyses  are  shown  in  Table  I. 

E  6e.*  A  sample  was  taken  from  a  5-foot  shale  similar  to  the  last 
and  occurring  beneath  the  limestone  at  the  quarry  of  the  Chicago  Port- 
land Cement  Company  at  Oglesby. 


MONTGOMERY  COUNTY. 

An  8-foot  exposure  of  hard,  blue  shale  in  the  vicinity  from  which  lime- 
stone (694*)  is  reported  to  have  been  collected,  (sec.  32,  T.  9  N.,  E.  4 
W.)  is  promising  in  appearance  but  is  so  deeply  covered  as  to  make 
stripping  impracticable.     No  sample  was  collected. 

L  8.  Limestone  (698*)  collected  from  one-eighth  mile  north  of 
Quarry  (sec.  2,  T.  8  N.,  R.  5  W.)  is  about  20  feet  thick.  The  clay 
sample  was  taken  from  a  bed  6  to  8  feet  thick,  which  is  exposed  at  the 
base  of  the  hill  100  yards  north  of  Quarry,  and  which  has  only  2% 
feet  of  overburden.  A  representative  section  of  clays  in  the  vicinity  is 
as  follows  : 

Section  near  Quarry. 

Feet. 

Top  soil  2 

Joint-clay    4 

Sand 2 

Gravel    10  to  20 

Clay,  whitish-yellow  (L  8)    6  to    8 

Since  this  clay  occurs  with  workable  overburden  in  only  a  small  area, 
and  the  favorable  limestone  occurrence  is  also  limited  in  extent,  the 
locality  is  considered  unattractive  for  Portland-cement  manufacture. 

Other  clay  was  sought  within  a  2-mile  radius  of  Quarry  without 
success.  It  is  reported  by  Mr.  M.  T.  Kiggins  of  Hillsboro  that  several 
feet  of  promising  blue  clay  of  fine  grain  underlies  the  limestone.  Its 
thickness  and  quality  would  seem  to  warrant  drilling  test  holes. 


PEORIA  COUNTY. 

The  vicinity  of  the  George  Sword's  estate  (SE.  %  sec.  10,  T.  8  N., 
R.  7  E.)  was  examined  for  clay  or  shale  which  might  be  used  with  the 
limestone  at  the  quarry  (Bu  9*).  Investigation  included  the  region 
within  1^4  miles  north  of  the  Iowa  Central  railroad  and  extending  from 
Maxwell  to  a  locality  about  1  mile  east  of  the  limestone.  The  region  'is 
hilly  and  is  covered  by  a  sandy,  loess-like  clay  of  slight  plasticity,  which 
is  locally. 75  feet  thick.  This  did  not  warrant  sampling.  On  the  Sword's 
estate  a  fine-grained,  bluish  shale,  4  feet  thick,  underlies  the  limestone. 
It  can  be  traced  a  mile  down  the  creek  but  lies  too  deep  for  successful 
excavation,  and  does  not  outcrop  favorably  in  the  region  examined. 


LAYMAN]  DESCRIPTION    OP    CLAY   SAMPLES.  Ill 

The  region  3  miles  northeast  of  Princeville,  where  limestone  Bu  8* 
and  E  26*  occurs,  was  examined  for  clay  deposits.  The  rolling  prairie 
is  not  sufficiently  eroded  to  offer  many  exposures. 

LI.*  A  sample  was  collected  iy2  miles  north  of  the  Streitmatter 
house  (See  Bu  8*),  along  a  creek  on  the  property  of  Mrs.  William  Long, 
one-eighth  mile  west  of  the  highway  bridge.  This  is  in  Valley  township, 
Stark  county.  The  exposure  includes  2%  feet  of  soil  underlain  by  5 
feet  of  blue  and  yellow  clay  and  4  feet  of  blue  shale.  Only  the  blue  clay 
and  shale  were  included  in  the  sample.  The  clay  and  shale  persist  over 
the  region  and  are  exposed,  about  3  feet  thick,  beneath  the  limestone 
along  the  creek  northeast  of  the  Streitmatter  house  and  under  the  lime- 
stone at  the  Jackson  house,  1  mile  southeast  of  the  clay  sampled. 

The  maximum  haul  between  the  limestone  outcrop  and  the  clay  deposit 
sampled  would  not  exceed  iy2  miles,  and  clay  could  probably  be  found 
at  a  shorter  distance.  The  physical  character  of  the  country  is  admirable 
for  plant  location,  and  water  is  said  to  be  plentiful;  but  the  distance 
from  the  nearest  railroad  would  make  this  general  location  doubtfully 
suited  for  Portland-cement  manufacture. 


POPE1  COUNTY. 

Bu  21,*  22,*  23.*  Examination  was  made  by  Mr.  Burchard,  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  of  shales  and  limestone  on  the  Edward  B. 
Clark  property  known  as  Limestone  Hill.  This  lies  west  of  Golconda 
in  sec.  26,  T.  13  S.,  E.  6  E.,  and  offers  excellent  opportunity  for  cement 
manufacture  (Bu  20*). 

Bu  21*  is  from  a  5-  or  6-foot  roadside  exposure  of  a  bed  of  shale 
which  is  probably  25  feet  thick.  Bu  22*  is  from  a  5%-foot  prospect 
hole  in  the  Creek  bank,  and  occurs  in  the  same  horizon  as  Bu  21.*  Bu 
23*  is  from  a  6%-foot  exposure  in  a  prospect  pit. 

The  overburden  on  the  shale  represented  by  Bu  21*  and  22*  ranges 
up  to  40  feet.  The  shale  from  which  Bu  23*  was  taken  underlies  the 
limestone  represented  by  Bu  20,*  and  if  used  in  connection  with  the 
shale  interbedded  with  the  limestone  would  probably  furnish  enough 
material  for  a  cement  mixture. 


RANDOLPH  COUNTY. 

The  territory  within  a  3-mile  radius  of  Eed  Bud  was  traversed  in 
search  of  clay  which  would  be  usable  in  combination  with  limestones 
W  253,*  and  254.*  In  general,  the  top  soil  is  underlain  by  4  feet  of 
micaceous  joint-clay  and  a  varying  amount  of  sandy  clay  of  low  plas- 
ticity. No  promising  sample  was  collected.  At  the  Eed  Bud  brick- 
yards several  feet  of  blue  shale  is  said  to  underlie  the  limestone.  This 
may  warrant  prospecting. 


112  ILLINOIS   PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 

L9.  A  sample  of  clay  was  collected  from  the  Brickley  property  at 
Prairie  du  Eocher  (sec.  20,  T.  5  S.,  E.  9  W.)  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
75-foot  limestone,  TJ  47.*  It  represents  the  sandy  clay  covering  the  flat 
pasture-land  and  is  thought  to  he  representative  also  of  the  gritty  clay 
which  occnrs  in  great  quantities  on  top  of  the  limestone  bluffs;  where  it 
underlies  4  feet  of  micaceous  joint-clay  and  a  varying  cover  of  top  soil. 
The  sample  probably  represents  a  similar  stratum  at  Eed  Bud,  and  proves 
to  be  worthless  for  cement  manufacture.  This  fact  would  render  the 
working  of  the  underlying  limestone  expensive.  The  search  was  extended 
east  of  the  bluffs  over  a  north-south  strip,  2  miles  wide  and  5  miles 
long,  but  no  promising  clay  was  found.  Since,  however,  the  limestone  is 
usable  and  the  location  for  a  plant  is  otherwise  excellent,  it  may  be  that 
more  minute  examination  would  be  warranted. 

W  a*  &.*  Samples  of  shale  collected  by  Mr.  Elmer  Grant  from  the 
43-foot  shale  at  Menard  (see  section  under  limestone  notes  for  this 
county)  are  referred  to  in  the  table  of  clay  analyses  and  appear 
promising. 


EOCK  ISLAND  COUNTY. 

In  view  of  the  excellent  limestone  exposures  southeast  of  Milan  along 
Mill  creek  (Bu  15*  and  16*)  a  careful  search  was  made  for  clay  or 
shale  for  use  with  it.  The  flood  plain  of  Eock  river  is  about  three-fourths 
mile  wide  at  this  place,  and  is  bordered  on  the  south  by  bluffs'  in  which 
occurs  the  limestone.  The  clay  on  the  bluffs  is  sandy  and  loess-like,  and 
is  not  suited  for  the  desired  purpose.  The  alluvial  clay  of  the  bottoms 
is  not  well  exposed  by  the  streams  and  is  doubtless  variable  in  character. 

L2.  A  sample  was  collected  about  one-half  mile  west  of  the  Mon- 
mouth road,  and  100  feet  south  of  coal  bank  road  and  the  Chicago-Eock 
Island  tracks,  where  6  feet  of  yellow  clay  is  exposed  in  the  west  bank  of  a 
tributary  to  Eock  river.  A  short  distance  away  appears  an  abandoned 
brick  yard;  and  an  abandoned  limestone  quarry  lies  one-fourth  mile 
north  of  the  deposit  sampled.  Although  the  limestone  of  the  vicinity 
appears  excellent  and  a  plant  site  could  be  selected  easily,  the  character 
and  amount  of  available  clay  is  discouraging. 


SCHUYLER  COUNTY. 

An  examination  of  clays  in  the  vicinity  of  Frederick  was  desirable  in 
view  of  the  limestone  bluffs  near  at  hand  and  the  character  of  limestone 
samples  C  45*  and  C  46.*  At  the  time  of  field  work,  however,  the 
high  water  in  Illinois  river  affected  the  tributaries  and  made  a  complete 
examination  impossible.  The  clays  appear  variable  in  extent  and  hence 
would  require  systematic  borings.  Suitable  plant  locations  for  a  cement 
industry  occur  along  the  creek  within  moderate  distances  of  the  railroad. 


LAYMAN]  DESCRIPTION   OF    CLAY   SAMPLES.  113 

L  7  a,  b.  Samples  were  collected  from  the  clay  bank  of  the  Frederick 
Brick  Company  as  indicated  by  the  measured  section.  L  7  b  is  said  to 
be  suitable  for  paving-brick  manufacture,  and  is  reported  by  Mr.  Hill, 
of  the  company,  to  extend  at  least  30  feet  below  creek  level. 

Section  at  Frederick. 

Feet. 

6.     Top  soil 2 

5.     Joint-clay,  yellow 6 

4.     Clay,  sandy,  light  gray  (L  la)    8 

3.    Coal,  impure 2 

2.     Shale,  blue  (L  11) 10 

1.     Shale,  (reported  below  creek)  30 


STAEK  COUNTY. 

See  description  of  sample  LI*  under  Peoria  county. 


UNION  COUNTY. 

L  10.  A  clay  sample  was  taken  at  the  quarry  of  the  Union  Stone 
and  Lime  Co.,  at  Anna  (U  66*  D  2),  where  it  covers  the  limestone 
to  a  depth  of  from  6  to  10  feet.  This  is  characteristic  of  the  yellow, 
sandy,  surface-clay  in  this  region. 

L  11.*  A  sample  of  shale  was  taken  about  4  miles  north  of  Anna 
and  2  miles  south  of  Cobden,  on  the  property  of  Silas  Lingle  (sec.  6, 
T.  12  S.,  R.  1  W.).  The  shale  is  fine  grained  and  uniform,  and  out- 
crops along  the  creek  one-half  mile  east  of  the  Illinois  Central  tracks, 
and  about  one-eighth  mile  north  of  the  Lingle  home.  The  exposure  here 
is  about  10  feet  deep,  overlain  by  2  feet  of  limestone  and  top  soil  of 
about  2  feet.  This  shale  is  said  to  extend  10  feet  below  the  creek  bed. 
The  deposit  offers  fine  shipping  facilities,  and  appears  to  be  of  consider- 
able extent.  The  main  line  of  the  Illinois  Central  could  easily  be  reached 
across  comparatively  level  ground  of  the  creek  bottom.  Perhaps  suitable 
shale  of  similar  character  can  be  found  nearer  the  property  of  the  Union 
Stone  and  Lime  Company,  where  the  limestone  appears  available  for 
cement  manufacture. 

W  286.  A  sample  of  shale  was  collected  from  the  40-foot  bed  described 
in  the  limestone  section  near  Korndahl  station,  in  the  NE.  y±f  SE.  y^, 
sec.  1,  T.  13  S.,  E.  2  W. 


WABASH  COUNTY. 

L  16.*  A  sample  was  taken  near  Mt.  Carmel  on  sec.  36,  T.  1  &., 
E.  13  W.  The  shale  at  this  point  is  40  feet  thick,  and  is  located  on  a 
spur  of  the  Southern  railroad.  The  sample  was  taken  from  a  shaft 
sunk  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Stansfield  of  Mt.  Carmel.  No  limestone  was  found 
in  the  region. 
—8  G 


114  ILLINOIS    PORTLAND-CEMENT   RESOURCES.  [BULL.  NO.  17 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


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LAYMAN]  DESCRIPTION   OF    CLAY    SAMPLES.  115 

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116 


INDEX. 


A 

Page 

Adams   county,   clays   in 107 

limestone   samples   from 77 

Albite,    composition    of 20 

Aero -pulverizer,    use    of 51 

Alexander    county,    limestone    sam- 
ples   from    77 

Alkali   in    clay 31 

Alluvial  clay,   character  of 25 

Alumina,    effect   of    excessiveness. . .  56 

in   clays    104 

in   shales    101 

Alton,   stratigraphic  section  north  of  70 

Analyses,   chemical,   importance  of..  29 

of   clays 104 

of    Illinois    shales 101 

of    limestones    32,  97,  100 

mechanical,    of    clays 105 

Anna,    clays   at 113 

limestone   near    95 

Andesine,    properties    of 20 

Anorthite,-   composition    of 20 


B 

Bailey's  Falls,   limestone  at 85 

Baldwinsville,    limestone    near,.;...     82 

shale  near   109 

stratigraphic    section    near. .  .82,  109 

Ball  mill,  description  of 43 

Belknap,    limestone    near 84 

Big  Bay  creek,  limestone  on 90 

Big  creek,  limestone  sample  from.. 80,  81 

stratigraphic   section    81 

Birdsville    and    Tribune    formations, 

description    of    60,  72 

Blake   crusher    .'. . '  42 

Blast-furnace   slag  for  cement.!!!!!     14 
Bradberry,  Charles,  clay  on  property 

of     108 

Bricketts,   strength  tests  of 57 

Brickley,      F.       M.,       limestone      on 

property    of    91 

Brooklyn,    limestone   near 94 

Brown   county,   clays  in 107 

limestone    in     78,  107 

shale    in     . . . .    '  108 

Burlington    limestone    formation ! ! ! ! 

^ 60,     67,     77,     83 

Bureau  county,  limestone  samples..     80 

shale   in    108 

Burning   the,   cement   mixture !!!     50 


C 

Cache  river,   section   along 84 

Camden,    limestone   near 93 

Cannell,    Robert,    clay    of 107 


Page. 

Capacity  of  ball  mill 43 

disintegrator     44 

dry-pan     44 

Fuller-Lehigh    mill     47 

Kent    mill 44 

rotary    dryers    43 

tube-mill    46 

Williams   disintegrator    44 

Carbondale     formation,      description 

of 59,  74 

Casey,    limestone,   near 80 

section    near    80 

shale    near    108 

Cedar  creek,  limestone  from 93 

Cement,   defects  of,   correction  for..     40 

effect  of  heat  upon 35 

fineness   of 54 

hardening  of    36 

mixture,    calculation    of 38 

Portland,     average     composition 

of     39 

plant,    location    of 109 

Roman,   character  of 18 

setting    of    36,  102 

strains  within   27 

tensile   strength 57 

testing   of    55 

Centrifugal    grinding-machines 46 

Chalk,  derivation   29 

Chamberlain,   John,   shale   of 108 

Charleston,     limestone    from 81 

Cherry  Point,    limestone  near 81 

"Chester"       formation,       description 

of    60,  72 

limestones    in    84,  90,  91 

Chicago  Portland  Cement  Co.,  The..     14 

quarry    of 75,  86,  110 

Clark   county,    clay  in 108 

limestone    from    80 

Clark,     Edward    B.,     limestone    and 

shale   91,  111 

Clay,    alkali    content    of 31 

alluvial,  character  of 25 

alumina    in     104 

analysis,    mechanical    102 

chemical     30 

classification    of     23 

definition    of    15 

deposits  of,   at,   in,   or  near — 

Adams  county  107 

Anna    113 

Brown  county   107 

Clark   county    108 . 

Frederick    112 

Grand    Tower    109 

Hancock    county    109 

Hillsboro     110 

Jackson    county    109 

Maxwell    110 

Menard    112 

Mendon     107 


117 

Index — Continued. 


Page. 

Clay — Concluded. 

Milan    112 

Mill    creek     112 

Niota    109 

Peoria  county    110 

Prairie  du  Rocher   112 

Princeville     Ill 

Randolph  county    Ill 

Rock   Island   county 112 

Rock    river     112 

Schuyler  county   112 

Stark    county     113 

Union    county    113 

Webb   creek    107 

feldspar    in     20 

ferric    oxide    in 31 

fineness    of    35 

glacial    25,  102 

grinding  of 22 

gypsum    in    21 

ignition    loss    in    104 

iron  oxide  in 20 

lime  in    104 

loess    in    102 

magnesia    content   of    31,  104 

mechanical  analysis  of 105 

'  mica    in    21 

origin  and   constituents   of 16 

physical    qualities    of 22 

plastic    ., 24 

sampling    of     106 

silica   in    18,  104 

sulphur   content   of... 31 

Clear   Creek  Chert   formation 60 

Clinker,    defects   of 40 

grinding    of    53 

Clinton    formation,    description    of. .  60 
Clinton    and     Niagaran     limestones, 

description    of    64,  65 

Coal,   preparation  and  use  of 51 

Coarse-grinding    machines    42 

Cobden,    shale    near 113 

Composition  of  cement  mixture 37 

Coles  county,  limestone  in 81 

Columbia,    limestone    near 94 

Coolers    for    clinkers 53 

Cooperstown,    limestone   near 79 

Cost  of  crushing   42 

quarrying     41 

Cretaceous  system,  description  of.  .59,  75 

Crooked    creek,    limestone    along 93 

Crushers     42 

Crushing  machines,  capacity  of 55 

Cypress  sandstone,  description  of.. 60,  72 

D 

Deer   Park,    limestone   near 85 

Devonian   system,    description   of.. 60,  65 

Disintegrator,    description    of 43,  44 

Dixon,   cement  plant  at 14 

limestone   near    87 

Dolomite,   use  in  Portland  cement..  26 

"Dusting,"    explanation    of 19 

Dryer,    rotary,    use   of 51,  42 

Drying   clay   for   crushing 42 

Dry-pan    44 


Edgar  county,   limestone  in 81 

shale   in    109 

Edgewood   formation    60 

Edison  Portland  Cement  Co.,  grind- 
ing methods    of    54 


Page. 

Efficiency    of   Griffin    mill 47 

of  200-mesh   sieve    50 

of    tube-mill     46 

Elizabethtown,    samples    near 83 

Elutriation,    separation    by 34 

English,    William,    shale    of 108 


Factor  of  fineness   35 

Factor,    surface,    of    clays 103 

Fairmount  limestone   59 

Fairview    Point,     stratigraphic    sec- 
tion   at    71,  83 

Gypsum,   addition   of,   to  cement....     54 

in   clay    21 

Feldspar,    in    clay    20 

composition    of    16 

Ferric  oxide,    in   clay 20,  31,  104 

in   shales    101 

Ferrous    oxide    in    clay 20 

in    shales     101 

Fine-grinding     machines 45 

of  raw  materials,   importance  of    46 
Fire    clay,    definition    and    character 

of 23 

Fischer's    formula     45 

Frederick,    clays  near    112 

limestone    near     94 

stratigraphic    section    near 113 

Freitag,  ,  Conrad,   clay   of 109 

Fuel,   consumption,    estimate   of 52 

feed    of    ' 51 

Fuller- Lehigh   mill    47 


Galena    formation,    limestone    in 

60,    63,    95 

Galesburg,   analysis  of  shale  at 24 

Garvin,  J.  E.,  shale  of 109 

Gates   crusher    42 

Geologice.l      formations     of     Illinois, 

table    of    59,  60 

German -American   Portland   Cement 

Co.,   The   14,   84,   86,  110 

Gibson,    Jesse,    shale    of 108 

Girardeau    and     Edgewood     forma- 
tions,   description    of 64 

Glacial   clays 25 

Golconda,    limestone    near 91 

shale    near    Ill 

Grinding,   effect  of  tube  mill 45 

Grand    Tower,    clay    near 109 

limestone  at   83 

stratigraphic  section  near 83-84 

Grinding   machines,    centrifugal 46 

intermediate     43 

Grinding,    insufficient,    results   of 36 

stages    of     42 

Griffin    mill     47 


H 

Hancock  county,   clay  in 109 

limestone    samples    82 

Hardening  of  cement  36 

Hardin  county,   limestone   samples..     83 
Heat,   distribution  of,  in  long  kiln..     52 
effect  of,   upon   cement  mixture.     35 
used    and    lost    in    burning    ce- 
ment      52,  S3 

Helderberg    formation 60,   6?> 


118 

Index — Continued. 


Page. 

Henderson    county,    limestone    sam- 
ples      83 

Herrin    coal    (No     6) 73,  74 

Herzfeld,     decomposition     of     lime- 
stone         27 

Hickman,  Henry,  limestone  of 93 

Hillsboro,    clay   reported    110 

limestone   near    88 

Hydration,    results   of    27 


Illinois    cement    industry,    statistics 

of     13 

Illinois  Hydraulic  Cement  Mfg.   Co., 

quarry    of     61,86 

Illinois    river,    stratigraphic    section, 

Peru     86 

Ignition    loss    101 

in   clay    104 

Impurities,   in  limestone,    effect   of. .  27 
Intermediate    grinding    machines...  43 
Investigation   of   cement   materials. .  29 
Iron    oxide    and    alumina,  in    lime- 
stones      97,  100 

in   clay    20 


Jackson    county,    clay   in 109 

limestone    samples    83 

James',   formula  for  charge  of  peb- 
bles          46 

Joachim  formation 60,  63 


K 

Kaolin,     composition    of 16 

Kent   mill    44 

Keokuk   formation    60 

Kiln,   rotary    50 

long,    heat    distribution    of 52 

Kimmswick   formation    60 

limestone    in     63,  77 

Kinderhook    formation    60,   67 

stratigraphic    section    at 67 

Korndahl,    limestone   near 96 

shale    near    113 


L 

Labradorite,    properties    of 20 

Lafayette    formation    59 

Lagrange    formation    59 

La  Salle,   cement  plant  near 14 

limestone  near    85 

limestone     74 

stratigraphic    section    near 61 

Layman,    F.    E.,    collection    of   sam- 
ples  by    102 

Lehigh    Valley,    cement    rock    of 28 

Lime    carbonate,    chemistry    of    dis- 
sociation    of 27 

in  limestones    97,  100 

Lime    in    clays 104 

in   limestones    97,  100 

in    shales     101 

Lime   silicates   derived   from   kaolin.  18 

Limestone  Hill,   shales  at Ill 

sample    from    91 


Page. 

Limestones,    analyses    of 97,  100 

classification    of     28 

composition    of    26 

constituents    of     97,   100 

deposits   of    26- 

Occurrence    in,    at,    near,    on    prop- 
erty of: 

Bailey's    Falls     85 

Belknap     84 

Big   Bay    creek 90 

Brickley,    F.    M 91 

Brown    county    . . : 107 

Brooklyn    94 

Burlington  formation    77,  83 

Camden    93 

Cedar    creek    93 

Chester   formation    84,   90,  91 

Clark,    Edward    B. : 91 

Columbia     94 

Dixon     87 

Frederick     94 

Galena    formation    95 

Golconda 91 

Hamilton    formation    ".     92 

Hickman,   Henry    93 

Hillsboro    88 

Johnson   county    84 

Keokuk    formation    77,82 

Kickapoo    township    89 

Kimmswick   formation    77 

Korndahl     96 

LaSalle    county    84 

LaSalle 85 

Limestone    township    89 

Lincoln 87 

Marshall    county    88 

Maxwell    89 

McLeansboro    formation. .  .80,  81 

Menard    91 

Mill    creek    92 

Montgomery     county 88 

Myers,    Joe    107 

New   Scotland   formation 83 

Ogle    county     88 

Oglesby     86 

Onondaga    formation 83 

Oregon    88 

Pecatonica    river    95 

Pennsylvanian    group 88,  90 

Peoria   county    89 

Peru     86 

Pine   creek    88 

Pope    county    90 

Prairie    du    Rocher 91 

Princeville     -. 89 

Pulaski    county     91 

Randolph  county    91 

Rainey    farm    91 

Reevesville     90 

Ripley     93 

Rock   Island   county 92 

Rushville     94 

Salem    formation     

77,    78,    79,    93,  95 

Schuyler    county    93 

Scott   Mill    93 

Sparland     88 

Spring    creek    93 

Stark  county    95 

St.    Clair    county 94 

Stephenson   county    95 

Ste.    Genevieve  formation.. 83,  91 

St.    Louis    formation 

79,    82,    83,    91,  93 

Sugar    creek    94 

Union    county    95 


119 

Index — Continued. 


Page. 
Limestone — Concluded. 

Utica    86 

"Versailles 107 

Wiley,    Foster     107 

Whittenberg    farm 90 

Limestone,     samples     in,     from,     or 

near:  _ 

Thebes,   in  river  bluff .  77 

Stump's,     Frederick     quarry     at 

Marshall     81 

Tucker,      David,      and      Triplet, 

George,    quarry    of    81 

Versailles,    Zy2    miles    northeast 

of     79 

three   miles   southwest   of...  78 

Lincoln   stratigraphic   section    of....  87 

Lingle,    Silas,    shale   of 113 

Little     Vermilion     river,     geological 

section  along 85 

Location    of    cement    plant 109 

Location  suggested,  cement  plant...  Ill 

Loess  for  mixture  with  clay 25 

Loess  clay,  use  of , . .  102 

Logan  county,  limestone  in 87 

Logan    creek,     near    Ripley,     strati- 
graphic   section   on... 79 

Lomax,    limestone   samples   near 83 

Long,  Mrs.  William,   clay  of Ill 

Lower  Magnesian  limestone   60,  86 

Lowry,  C.  E.,  limestone  of 83 

M 

Magnesia  in  clay   30,  104 

in   lime   material 33,  97,  100 

effect  of   excess    56 

effect  of,  in  Portland  cement...     33 

in    shales     101 

Magnesium      oxide,      proportion      in 

Portland   cement    26 

Marls,   use  of  in  cement 29 

Marshall,    shale   near 108 

Marshall   county,   limestone   in 88 

Marquette,    limestone    80 

shale   near    108 

stratigraphic    section    near 80 

Marquette    Portland    Cement   Co 85 

McLeansboro  formation    59 

limestone    in     ...80,  81 

Meade,    R.    K.,    cited 52,  58,  30 

Mechanical   analysis   of   clays 102 

Melting   point    of    metacalcium    sili- 
cate      19 

of  orthocalcium  silicate 19 

Mellor's   formula   for   speed   in   tube 

mill     45 

Menard,    limestone   at 91 

stratigraphic    section    at 72,  92 

Mendon,    clays   near 107 

limestone  five  miles   east   of 77 

stratigraphic    section    near 107 

Merservey,   Joseph,   limestone  of....     78 
Metacalcium   silicate,    melting   point 

of     19 

Mica   in    clay 21 

Michaelis,    cited    36 

Milan,    clays   near 112 

limestone   near    92 

Mill    creek,    clays    in 112 

limestone  on    92 

Mill,    Fuller-Lehigh    47 

Griffin    47,  53 

Kent 44,  53,  54 

Raymond    48 

tube     45,  53 

Mississippian    formation    .60,  66,  67 


Page 

Mixing  of  materials 41,  42 

Montgomery  county,  limestone  in...     88 

shale    in     110 

Mt.   Sterling,   limestone  near 78 

stratigraphic    section    near 78 

Mt.    Carmel,   shale   near 113 

Myers,   Joe,   limestone  of. 107 


N 

Nauvoo,   limestone  near 82 

New    Scotland    formation ...60,  63 

Newaygo    screen,    use    of 54 

Niagaran   formation 60 

Niota,    clay    near 109 

limestone   near    82 

O 

Ochre,    red   deposits   of 93 

Oglesby,   cement  plant  at 14 

limestone  near    86 

shale    near 110 

stratigraphic    section    near 8"6 

Ogle  county,  limestone,  in 88 

Ohio    shale 60,  66 

Oligoclase,    properties    of 20 

Onondaga    formation    60,  66 

limestone    in    83 

Ordovician    system    60 

Oregon,    limestone   near 88 

stratigraphic    section    near 89 

Oriskany    (Clear    Creek   Chert) 60,  66 

Orthocalcium  silicate,   melting  point 

of     19 

Orthoclase  feldspar,  composition  of.     20 


Pecatonica  river,    limestone   on 95 

Peoria  county,   clay  in 110 

limestone    in    89 

Pennsylvanian    system    59,  73 

Pennsylvanian    group,    limestone    in 

88,  90 

Peru,  limestone  near 86 

Phase   diagrams   for  lime-alumina. .  18 

for    lime-silica    18 

Piasa     creek,     stratigraphic     section 

near    69 

Pine  creek,   limestone  in 88 

Plastic    clays    24 

Platteville   formation    60,  62 

limestone    in    87,  88,  95 

Plattin    limestone,    description    of..  63 

Pleistocene,  deposits,   description  of.  75 

Pope  county,   clays  in .' . . .   Ill 

limestone  in   90 

Porter's  creek  formation 59 

Portland    cement    55 

chemical    composition    of 57 

constancy  in  volume 56 

definition  of    15 

expansion   of    56 

fineness    of    56 

manufacture    of    37 

production    of    13 

quality    of,    tests 56 

raw    materials    of ..15,  101 

selling    price    of 14 

specific    gravity    of 55 

tensile   strength   of 56 

time    of    setting 56 

volume   changes   in IS 


120 

Index — Continued. 


Page. 
Power  consumption  of  disintegrator 

^    43,    44 

"baii'mill'   43 

dry-pan     • f  4 

Fuller-Lehigh  mill   in   Illinois...     47 

Griffin    mill    47 

Kent   mill    44 

tube  mill 46 

Potash    in    shales 101 

Pot-furnace,    Fletcher,    use    of 39 

Pottsville    formation     59NJo 

Prairie  du  Rocher,  clays  at 112 

Princeville,    clay   near 111 

limestone  near    89 

stratigraphic     section     near 89 

Pulaski    county,    limestone   in 91 

Pyrite    in    clay 21 


Q 

Quarrying,    cost    of . . •     41 

Quarry,     Chicago    Portland    Cement 

q0 86 

Red   Bud    92 

Sandusky    Cement    Co.... 87 

Southern  Illinois  penitentiary...     91 

Swan  Creek  Phosphate  Co 95 

Sword,    George • •     89 

Union    Stone   and   Lime   Co 95 

Columbia    94 

Ullin     91 

Quarrv   Station,    shale   near 110 

stratigraphic     section     near 110 

Quartz,   behavior  of   •  •     19 

Quaternary    system     59,  75 

Quigg,    William,    clfay    of 107 

Quincy,   samples  from   77 

R 

Radiation,   heat  lost  by 53 

Rainey   farm,    limestone,   on 91 

stratigraphic  section  on 91 

Randolph  county,   clay  in Ill 

limestone    in    91 

Rankin,  G.  A.,  work  of 17 

Raymond    mill •     48 

Raw  materials  for  Portland  cement    15 

grinding  of   41 

winning   of    41 

Red   Bud,    city   quarry   of 92 

shale    near Ill 

Recuperators    »* 

Reevesville,    limestone,  near 90 

Richmond  formation    60,  63,  75 

Ripley    formation     59,  75 

Ripley,   limestone   near    79,  93 

Rittinger,    cited     45'-,?o 

Rock   river,    clays   in 11^ 

Rock  Island  county,   clays  in 112 

limestone  in   ,     92 

Roll    crusher 42,  44 

Roman  cement,  character  of 18 

volume   changes   in 18 

Rotary    dryers     42 

capacity   of    43 

Rotary    kiln 50 

Rushville,  stratigraphic  section  near     94 

S 

Saint  Aloysius  church,   shale  near. .  109 

St.  Clair  county,  limestone  in 94 

Ste.    Genevieve   formation 60 

limestone  in   83,  84,  91 


Page. 

St.   Louis  formation    60,  94 

limestone  in 79,  82,  83,  91,  93,  94 

St.  Peter  sandstone, 60,  62 

Salem   formation    60 

limestone  in 77,   78,   79,   93,  95 

Sampling   clays,    method   of 106 

Sardusky     Portland     Cement     Co., 

quarry    of    14,  87 

Scott  Mill,   limestone  near 93 

stratigraphic  section    93 

Schuyler  county,   clays  in 112 

limestone  in   93 

Schulz  apparatus    ' 33,  34 

Separator,    Raymond,    use    of 54 

Setting  of  Portland  cement. 36 

Shales,    alumina  in 101 

Shale  and  clays,   cost  of  getting 41 

Shales,  character  of 24 

constituents    of    101 

occurrence    of,    at,    near,    or    on 
property  of: 

Bureau   county    108 

Baldwinsville    109 

Casey     108 

Chamberlain,   John    108 

Chicago      Portland      Cement 

Co 110 

Clark,    E.    B Ill 

Cobden    113 

Edgar   county    109 

English,   William    108 

Garvin,    J.    E 109 

Gibson,  Jesse   108 

Golconda    Ill 

Korndahl    113 

LaSalle  county    110 

Limestone    Hill    Ill 

Lingle,    Silas 113 

Montgomery  county   110 

Mt.    Carmel    113 

Marshall     108 

Marquette     108 

Oglesby     110 

Quarry    Station     110 

Red   Bud Ill 

Saint   Aloysius    church 109 

Sword,    George    110 

Wabash    county    113 

potash  in   101 

soda    in    101 

use  of  in  Portland  cement 101 

weathered,    character    of 24 

Shepherd,   E.   S.,   work  of 17 

Silica-alumina,    ratio    in    clay 30 

Silica    in    clays 104 

detection   of    18 

in  Illinois  shales    101 

in  limestone    97,  100 

in  Oriskany  (Clear  Creek  Chert)     66 

Silurian    system     60,  64 

Slag,    used   for   cement 14 

Soda  in   shales    101 

South   Chicago,   cement  plant  at 14 

Southern  Illinois  penitentiary,  quarry 

of     

Sparland,   limestone   near    88 

stratigraphic    section    near 88 

Specific  gravity  of  Portland  cement     55 
Spring  creek,  limestone  in  tributary 

of     

Spring  Valley,    stratigraphic   section 

near    80 

limestone  west  of   80 

Stark   county,    clays  in 113 

limestone  in    95 


91 


93 


121 

Index — Concluded. 


Page 
Statistics    of   Illinois    cement   indus- 
try       13 

Stephenson    county,    limestone   in...  95 
Stratigraphy     of    Portland     cement- 
materials     59 

Strains,   in   cement,   causes  of 27 

Storage   of   clinkers    53 

Stratigraphic  sections   near: 

Alton     70 

Anna     95 

Baldwinsville 82,  109 

Big   creek    81 

Casey     80 

Cooperstown     79 

Dixon     87 

Fairview  Point   71 

Frederick     113 

Grand   Tower    83,  84 

Kinderhook     67 

DaSalle     61 

Lincoln 87 

Marquette     80 

Marshall     81 

Menard    72,  92 

Mendon     107 

Mt.    Sterling,    seven   miles   south 

of     78 

Oglesby     86 

Ohio    river   at    Fairview    Point..  83 

Oregon     89 

Piasa    creek     69 

Pine   creek    88 

Princeville     89 

Quarry    Station     110 

Ripley     79 

Rushville     94 

Scott  Mill    93 

Sparland     88 

Spring  Valley    88 

Stark    county    95 

Sword's   quarry   89 

Versailles     78 

Warsaw     68 

Winslow     95 

Rainey   farm    91 

Stoker,   mechanical    53 

Streitmatter,    Fred,    quarry   of 89 

Stump,    Frederick,    quarry    81 

Sugar   creek,   limestone   on 94 

Sulphuric    anhydride,    effect    of    ex- 
cess       56 

Sulphur,    content    of    31 

Suratt,    Elijah,    section    from    farm 

of     78 


Page 
Swan   Creek   Phosphate   Co.,    quarry 

of     95 

Sword,     quarry     of 89,  90,  110 


Tensile  strength,    testing  for 57 

Tertiary,    occurrence    of 59,  75 

Testing   of    cement    55,  57 

Thebes,   limestone   near    77 

Trenton-Galena    limestone    62 

Tricalcium    silicate,    behavior    of. . .  17 

Tribune    formation    60 

Tube    mill     45,  46 

Tucker,    David  and   Triplet,    George, 

limestone    of    81 


U 

Ullin,    quarry  near    91 

Union    Stone    and    Lime    Co.,    mate- 
rials   of    95,  113 

Union    county,    clays    in..... 113 

limestone    in    95 

Universal      Portland      Cement      Co., 
The     14 

Utica  Hydraulic  Cement  Co.,  use  of 
Lower   Magnesian   limestone 61 

Utica,   limestone  near    86 


Valley  township,   clay  in Ill 

VanZandt,    T.    C,    heat    distribution 

estimate    52 

Versailles,     limestone    near... 78,  79,  107 
stratigraphic    section    near 78 


W 


Wabash    county,    shale  in 113 

Warsaw    formation    60,  68 

Warsaw,    stratigraphic    section    at..     68 
Water  at   105°C.   in  limestones. .  .97,  100 

White,    David,    work    of 73 

Whittenberg   farm,    limestone   on...     90 

Wiley,    Foster,    limestone    of 107 

Williams    disintegrator    44,   51 

Winslow,    quarry   in    95 


-9  G 


